The direction of Othello criticism will also be affected as literary criticism's longstanding commitment to cultural historicism comes under pressure from those who argue that explorations of context often come at the expense of literature's formal properties and affective registers, and as developments in the digital humanities enable fresh The next significant development in archetypal theory that affected literary studies grew out of the effort made by U.S.-born, Zurich-trained analyst James Hillman (b. Feminist archetypal theory, proceeding inductively, restored Jungs original emphasis on the fluid, dynamic nature of the archetype, drawing on earlier feminist theory as well as the work of Jungian Erich Neumann to reject absolutist, ahistorical, essentialist, and transcendentalist misinterpretations. Hillman invokes Henri Corbin (1903-78), French scholar, philosopher, and mystic known for his work on Islam, as the second father of archetypal psychology. 1: 4), but he distinguishes his concept and use of the term from that of philosophical idealism as being more empirical and less metaphysical, though most of his empirical data were dreams. O, damn her, damn her! And let the labouring barque climb hills of seas Iago: My friend is dead. William Shakespeare utilized archetype frequently as a literary device in his plays. Othellos motivation in the play appears to be his love and concern for his wife Desdemona, which ironically, ends up being his downfall in the end. Further, the text offered confirmation (and poetic representation) of the only direct contribution Jung made to literary theory: a distinction between psychological and visionary texts (Collected 15:89-90). "In Sidney's view, tragedy provokes "the affects of admiration and commiseration" and so demonstrates "the uncertainty of this world". Historical is basically know the background story before you making assumptions off the text, and to better understand text lookup time period close to the time like 1600's . Frye's thesis in "The Archetypes of Literature" remains largely unchanged in Anatomy of Criticism. Othello was crafted at the dawn of the 17th century, shaped by complex social and geopolitical issues that new historicist critics, who seek to place literary works within a historical framework, have recently sought to unravel. In his "The . Thus archetype is recognized as the tendency to form and reform images in relation to certain kinds of repeated experience, which may vary in individual cultures, authors, and readers (Lauter and Rupprecht 13-14). In this essay let us examine the various themes and determine which are dominant and which subordinate. To you, preferring you before her father, Frye frequently acknowledged his debt to Jung, accepted some of Jungs specifically named archetypes persona and anima and counsellor and shadow and referred to his theory as Jungian criticism (Anatomy 291), a practice subsequently followed in some hand books of literary terms and histories of literary criticism, including one edited by Frye himself, which obscured crucial differences and contributed to the confusion in terminology reigning today. The play moves relentlessly from here to catastrophe as Othello delivers justice to those he is convinced have wronged him. Moreover, Shakespeare, by deliberately clouding the issue of Iagos motive, finds ever more sinister threats in such a characters apparently bottomless and unmerited hatred and capacity for evil. . . 2. Kibin, 2023. http://www.kibin.com/essay-examples/an-archetype-criticism-of-othello-a-play-by-william-shakespeare-yJF4zltX. O, farewell! Desdemona on her deathbed, still defends her Lords actions. Commend me to my kind lord. However, Othello's words give a deeper insight into how he still misunderstands the situation. "Othello is like a hero of the ancient world in that he is not a man like us, but a man recognized as extraordinary". Following his anatomizing of the painfully introspective intellectual Hamlet, Shakespeare, at the height of his ability to probe human nature and to dramatize it in action and language, treats Hamlets temperamental oppositethe man of action. Unfortunately, this got the ball rolling for Othellos inevitable downfall. : 2022625 : archetypal criticism in othello Let him command, And to obey shall be in me remorse, I pray you, in your letters, This heuristic distinction was formed, however, solely on psychobiographical grounds: Did the text originate in, and remain principally shaped by, the authors experience of consciousness and the personal unconscious or his or her experience at the level of the archetypal collective unconscious? Desdemonas true morals is her absolute devotion to her husband. In addition, he modified and extended his concept over the many decades of his professional life, often insisting that archetype named a process, a perspective, and not a content, although this flexibility was lost through the codifying, nominalizing tendencies of his followers. The term 'archetype' is taken from the Greek words 'arche' (beginning) and 'typos' (imprint). The tragic protagonist must make a fall from a high state of being to a low state or death. Succeeds in unknown fate. http://www.kibin.com/essay-examples/an-archetype-criticism-of-othello-a-play-by-william-shakespeare-yJF4zltX Be sure to capitalize proper nouns (e.g. Bibliography Othello accused her of being unfaithful, when she never was. "An Archetype Criticism of Othello, a Play by William Shakespeare." Source: Groden, Michael, and Martin Kreiswirth. Issues of genre, period, and language were ignored or subjected to gross generalization as Jung searched for universals in texts as disparate as the fourth-century Shepherd of Hermas, the Divine Comedy, Francesco Colonnas Hypnerotomachia Poliphili (1499), E. T. A. Hoffmans tales, Pierre Benoits LAtlantide (1919-20), and Henry Wadsworth Longfellows Hiawatha, as well as works by Carl Spitteler and William Blake. As in a typical Shakespearean comedy, love, tested, triumphs over all opposition. Frye's work helped displace New Criticism as the major mode of analyzing literary texts . To you I am bound for life and education; Many fell prey to Jungs idiosyncrasies as a reader, ranging widely and naively over genres, periods, and languages in search of the universal archetypes, while sweeping aside cultureand text-specific problems, ignoring their own role in the act of reading and basing critical evaluation solely on a texts contribution to the advancement of the readers individuation process, a kind of literature-astherapy standard. (V.2.316, 323) It is beyond a doubt Othello's fault that all of this wreckage befalls him, and his still has not had a moment of recognition of his failures at reasoning and understanding. These patterns include persistent images, figures, and story patterns shared by people across diverse cultures. This way of proceeding had the effect of putting, and keeping, archetypal criticism on the margins of academic discourse and outside the boundaries of traditional academic disciplines and departments. . Despite this, Desdemona continued to stay true to Othello. But Jos van Meurss critically annotated 1988 bibliography, Jungian Literary Criticism, 1920-1980, effectively challenges this claim. Mythological literary critics look for archetypes, characters and/or symbols with traits that are seen throughout literature regardless of time or place. Kibin, 2023. http://www.kibin.com/essay-examples/an-archetype-criticism-of-othello-a-play-by-william-shakespeare-yJF4zltX. Bettina Knapps 1984 effort at an authoritative demonstration of archetypal literary criticism exemplified this pattern. Herbert Read, Michael Fordham, and Gerhard Adler, 20 vois., 1953-79), Letters (trans. Desdemona is oblivious to what is going on around her and stays loyal to her morals but Iagos rumours lure Othello to thinking otherwise. Othello A Christian Moor who has earned a high reputation as a general in the Venetian army and has recently married Desdemona, daughter of the Venetian senator Brabantio. By the end of the play, he has brought down his world around him with the relentless force that made him a great general turned inward, destroying both what he loved best in another and in himself. An archetype is the original pattern or . Frye, however, notably in Anatomy of Criticism, essentially redefined and relocated archetype on grounds that would remove him unequivocally from the ranks of Jungian critics by severing the connection between archetype and depth psychology: This emphasis on impersonal content has been developed by Jung and his school, where the communicability of archetypes is accounted for by a theory of a collective unconsciousan unnecessary hypothesis in literary criticism, so far as I can judge (m-12). As Dian's visage, is now begrimed and black. And it is thought abroad that twixt my sheets Hes done my office. Desperate to cling to the security of his former identity as a soldier while his current identity as a lover crumbles, Othello begins to confuse the one with the other. Spring: A Journal of Archetype and Culture, Spring: An Annual of Archetypal Psychology and Jungian Thought, The Golden Bough: A Study in Magic and Religion, Analysis of Stuart Halls Encoding/Decoding, Jacques Derrida's Structure, Sign and Play. Thus, all contrastive categorization would benefit from archetypal analysis. ("Literary Criticism.") From the theorists, dissertations, articles, and books, often traditionally academic in orientation, appeared; the productions of the practitioners are chronicled and critiqued in van Meurss bibliography. Archetypal criticism proceeds from the initial assumption that every work of literature can be categorized and fitted into a large framework that encompasses all literature. Othello is now reduced to questioning his wife's maid, Emilia, looking for evidence of Desdemona's infidelity. No single motive is relied on for long, and the gap between cause and effect, between the pettiness of Iagos grudges and the monstrousness of his behavior, prompted Samuel Taylor Coleridge in a memorable phrase to characterize Iagos motiveless malignity. There is in Iago a zest for villainy and a delight in destruction, driven more by his hatred and contempt for any who oppose his conception of jungle law than by a conventional naturalistic explanation based on jealousy or envy. Nor set down aught in malice. His destruction is essentially precipitated by his own actions, as well as by the actions of the characters surrounding him. What makes Othello so unique structurally (and painful to witness) is that it is a tragedy built on a comic foundation. As Iago asserts to Roderigo, Virtue? You know how looking at a math problem similar to the one you're stuck on can help you get unstuck? That's a matter of opinion. A tragic hero has many characteristics, 3 of them being that they must have an error in judgement, they must have a reversal of fortune, and they must recognize that the reversal of fortune was brought about by their own actions. Analysis. Literary Critics on Othello. 1: 67), of the archetypes, which he described as patterns of psychic energy originating in the collective unconscious and finding their most common and most normal manifestation in dreams (8:287). A few names form a core of writers in English (including many Canadians)Martin Bickman, Albert Gelpi, Elliott Gose, Evelyn Hinz, Henry Murray, Barton L. St. Armand, Harold Schechter, and William Stein though no single figure has attracted the attention of academic literary specialists, and no persistent commonalities fuse into a recognizable school critics who draw on Jungs theories. Rashness: The play is replete with rash decisions. Farewell / Commend me to my kind lord. archetypal criticism in othello Othello is characterized by his plainspoken read analysis of Othello Iago Othello's disloyal standard-bearer and the villain of the play. Dramatically, Shakespeare turns the focus of the play from the shocking crime to its causes and psychic significance, trans-forming Cinthios intrigue story of vile murder into one of the greatest dramatic meditations on the nature of love and its destruction. On a general level, Jungs and Fryes theorizings about archetypes, however labeled, overlap, and boundaries are elusive, but in the disciplines of literature the two schools have largely ignored each others work. If it were now to die And concomitantly, on which of these levels was the reader affected? Written in 2001, this piece of British metafiction tells a brilliant story of love, war, mistakes, forgiveness, and, of course, atonement. Archetypal criticism ensures the efforts of all these concerned faculties to analyse of a text hence archetypal criticism is of immense significance. And will upon the instant put thee tot. Othello is first shown as a hero of war and a man of, The extent of which Othello is a tragic hero has been open to much debate; the basis on which he is judged falls to Aristotles established view of the crucial elements that distinguish whether a person is truly tragic. For more information on choosing credible sources for your paper, check out this blog post. QAFQAZ UNIVERSITY SPRING, 2013. The tragedy of Othello is not a fault of a single villain, but is rather a consequence of a wide range of feelings, judgments and misjudgments, and attempts for personal justification exhibited by all of the participants. Beat a Venetian and tradud the state, You elements that clip us round about, This is not a satisfactory frame of mind for an investigator, and it is certainly not an . Jung most frequently used myth (or mythologem) for the narrative expression, on the ethnological level (Collected 9, pt. what is wrong with franklin baby on tiktok. When Othello cant dismiss his suspicions of his wife being unfaithful any longer he starts to lose his morality . James Hillman, Archetypal Psychology: A Brief Account (1983), Re-Visioning Psychology (1975); C. G. Jung, Collected Works (ed. I am hitherto your daughter. To wronged Othellos service. A archethpes symbol or myth leads to the establishment of a general truth. And despite frequently perceptive readings, the work is marred by the characteristic limitless expansionism and psychological utilitarianism of her interpretive scheme. Unlike the other Shakespeare tragedies, which follow the common ideas for Shakespearean tragedy, Othello includes some of the ideas from classical tragedies. This passage reveals how much Othello has deteriorated as far as his ability to reason. OTHELLO: My name, that was as fresh. The Johns Hopkins Guide to Literary Theory and Criticism. In Shakespeare?s play Othello, Othello himself is the tragic hero. Each literary theory will examine the text through different lenses, resulting in different interpretations. As Hillman puts it, Corbins insight that Jungs mundus archetypalis is also the mundus imaginalis that corresponds to the Islamic alam al-mithl (3) was an early move toward a reappraisal of psychology itself as an activity of poesis (24). Archetypal theory and criticism, although often used synonymously with Myth theory and crticism, has a distinct history and process. An analysis of women being victims in Othello: Othello is a play written by William Shakespeare in the 1600s, this essay is from a feminist perspective. We'll take a look right away. How to respect you; you are the lord of duty; The intensity and focus of Othello is unalleviated by subplots, comic relief, or any mitigation or consolation for the deterioration of the noble Moor and his collapse into murder and suicide. With some of its advocates supported through early publication of their work in the journal Spring, feminist archetypal theory and criticism of literature and the arts emerged fullblown in three texts: Annis Pratts Archetypal Patterns in Womens Fiction (1981), which self-consciously evoked and critiqued Maud Bodkins 1934 text; Estella Lauters Women as Mythmakers: Poetry and Visual Art by Twentieth Century Women (1984); and Estella Lauter and Carol Schreier Rupprechts Feminist Archetypal Theory: Interdisciplinary Re-Visions of Jungian Thought (1985). FREE Archetype Essay Essay - Example Essays This recurring idea of an evil witch is extremely common and archetypal. - Alfredo Alvarez, student @ Miami University, We use cookies to provide the best possible experience on our site. Othello, being a hero, enjoys a good reputation and has notable qualities. Not only does she try to protect Othellos reputation by blaming herself, Desdemona tells Emilia to remind Othello about her showing that she stills respects Othello. A Modern View of Feminist Criticism William Shakespeare 's "Othello" can be analyzed from a feminist perspective.This criticism focuses on relationships between genders, like the patterns of thoughts, behavior, values, enfranchisement, and power in relations between and within sexes. To see you here before me. As he attempts to carry out his execution of Desdemona, she for the first time realizes his charges against her and his utter delusion. The first two acts of the play enact the standard pattern of Shakespeares romantic comedies. Home Drama Criticism Analysis of William Shakespeares Othello, By NASRULLAH MAMBROL on July 25, 2020 ( 0 ). She stayed loyal to her lover throughout the entire play and in the end it did her no good. Confirmation of this theory was Jungs reading of Faust: part 1 was psychological; part 2, visionary.. No products in the cart. reflects the archetypal villain" (Sen, ). In Othello, the plot meets the definition of both Aristotle and Shakespeare on a tragedy. What bloody business ever. In Shakespeare's Othello, Iago is one of the most compelling villains in English literature. The tragic hero archetype is used in many different pieces of writing and with every character comes a different way of using it. His demise was of his own doing. Some of these include the downfall from high position Othello goes from being the general, to being convicted of being a murderer. This allows our team to focus on improving the library and adding new essays. A Christian Moor and general of the armies of Venice, Othello is an eloquent and physically powerful figure, respected by all those around him. Using an archetypal literary criticism, Harry Potter can be analyzed by focusing on different archetypes, such as, symbols, images, and character types in the text. . This article, then, treats the only form of literary theory and criticism consistent with and derived directly from the psychological principles advanced by Jung. From the moment when the temptation of the hero begins, the readers heart and mind are held in a vice, experiencing the extremes of pity and fear, sympathy and repulsion, sickening hope and dreadful expectation. Othello is a complex play that deals with issues such as jealousy, gender, and race. Iago's intelligence and wit allows him to make good sport of the protagonists of the play, sending Othello to his doom and that of his family. Shakespeare derived his plot from Giraldi Cinthios Tale of the Moor, in the story collection Hecatommithi (1565), reshaping Cinthios sensational tale of jealousy, intrigue, and murder in several key ways. Aristotles second requirement for a tragedy is that the tragic hero must have a reversal of fortune. "An Archetype Criticism of Othello, a Play by William Shakespeare." the characters in Shakespeare's play Othello ever challenge the right of a husband to murder a wife accused of adultery. A tragic hero is a hero nonetheless, but it all comes down to how they hold themselves together in the face of. The men of the play manipulate her image of a naive lover to being a strumpet! (V.ii.94). An archetype criticism of othello, a play by william shakespeare. This scene has suggested to some critics that Iagos true motivation for destroying the marriage of Desdemona and Othello is a repressed homosexual love for Othello. What makes you cringe? For Jung, archetype is an explanatory paraphrase of the Platonic eidos (9, pt. Joseph P. Strelka, 1976); Karin Barnaby and Pellegrino DAcerino, eds., C. G. Jung and the Humanities: Toward a Hermeneutics of Culture (1990); Martin Bickman, The Unsounded Centre: Jungian Studies in American Romanticism (1980); Maud Bodkin, Archetypal Patterns in Poetry: Psychological Studies in Imagination (1934); Northrop Frye, Anatomy of Criticism: Four Essays (1957); Albert Gelpi, The Tenth Muse: The Psyche of the American Poet (1975); Naomi Goldenberg, Archetypal Theory after Jung, Spring (1975); Julia Kristeva, Stabat Mater (1977, The Kristeva Reader, ed. Northrop Frye has been the most influential of those critics who have argued that archetypal patterns underlie the modes, plots and genres of literary works. The tragic heros downfall, said Aristotle, was brought upon by some error of judgement. Texts and Contexts: Writing About Literature with Critical Theory. This type of criticism was first experimented by Maud Bodkin, in his book Archetypal Patterns in Poetry (1934). Examples of Archetype in Shakespearean Works. Kibin does not guarantee the accuracy, timeliness, or completeness of the essays in the library; essay content should not be construed as advice. Thus Jungian theory provided no clear avenue of access for those outside of psychology, and orthodox Jungians were left with little in the way of models for the psychological analysis of literature. Tis done at your request; but let her live. Witness that here Iago doth give up Feminist Critique of the Character Desdemona in Othello Introduction Women during Elizabethan age are assumed to have spent their lives in the service of men - prearranged marriages, child rearing, and their role as sexual objects. Richer than all his tribe. Othello is the most painfully exciting and the most terrible. Furthermore, they must also have a fatal flaw, that eventually leads to their downfall. In the beginning of the play, Othello is seen as content with his new bride: For know, Iago, But that I love the gentle Desdemona (1.2.24-25). They're not intended to be submitted as your own work, so we don't waste time removing every error. If Hamlet is a tragedy about youth, and Lear concerns old age, Othello is a family or domestic tragedy of a middle-aged man in which the fate of kingdoms and the cosmos that hangs in the balance in Hamlet and Lear contracts to the private world of a marriages destruction. "Othello", by William Shakespeare, is a story of jealousy's potential to manipulate thoughts and eventually lead to ultimate demise. However, the protagonist of the tragedy play only partially meets the definition of Aristotles tragic hero. The traits of the tragic hero lead the audience to feel compassion for the helpless victim. During the play Iago manipulates Othello because Lieutenant Cassio was promoted ahead of him, and also because he suspects that Othello has had an affair with his wife. This assignment is intended to encourage you, and require you . In spite of his elevated status, he is nevertheless easy prey to insecurities because of his age, his life as a soldier, and his race. After the. New theoretical approaches appear to legitimize orthodox Jungian ways of reading, sanction Jungs range of literary preferences from She to Faust, and support his highly affective reaction to Ulysses, which he himself identified (positively) as a subjective confession (i5:io9n). His expression of his jealousy quickly devolves from the conventional"Farewell the tranquil mind"to the absurd: Farewell the plum'd troops and the big wars. Archetypal school of literary criticism is a type of literary criticism that is concerned with recurring myths and archetypes in symbols, characters, actions, and situations within literary pieces. The first systematic application of Jungs ideas to literature was made in 1934 by Maud Bodkin in Archetypal Patterns in Poetry: An attempt is here made to bring psychological analysis and reflection to bear upon the imaginative experience communicated by great poetry, and to examine those forms or patterns in which the universal forces of our nature there find objectification (vii). The patterns are the major intrinsic aspects of a work. Twere now to be most happy, for I fear No more of that. What is a tragic hero and why is Othello considered one? Ironically, as in the feminist revisioning of explicitly male-biased Jungian theory, the rise in the 1980s of Reader-response theory and criticism and the impetus for canon revision have begun to contribute to a revaluation of Jung as a source of literary study. As mine own face. To The Reader Baudelaire Analysis; Used Dudek Universal For Sale; Is Ignatius J Reilly Autistic; Spring League Football Tryouts; marxist criticism in othello act 1 . Of one not easily jealous but, being wrought, Now art thou my lieutenant. he asks, which gives pause to a theory of pure nobility. What hooks you? An archetypal critic would suggest that all human experience is linked through literature and that this experience is expressed again and again using the same patterns throughout time and space. He is an individual of high stature who is destroyed by his surroundings, his own actions, and his fate. While adding to the tone of the story it also adds to the characters overall personality from the reader's perspective. According to Hillman, that discourse was anticipated by Evangelos Christous Logos of the Soul (1963) and extended in religion (David L. Millers New Polytheism, 1974), philosophy (Edward Caseys Imagining: A Phenomenological Study, 1976), mythology (Rafael Lopez-Pedrazas Hermes and His Children, 1977), psycholinguistics (Paul Kuglers Alchemy of Discourse: An Archetypal Approach to Language, 1982), and the theory of analysis (Patricia Berrys Echos Subtle Body, 1982). An example, is that they had to overcome a huge obstacle such as love because Othello and Desdemona were in love but her father did not approve of it. However, in William Shakespeare's Othello, Emilia's character portrays three completely different archetypes and they all come through in strategical places. Patterns originate from the writer's . The archetypal characteris a simple character template recognizable to all readers. Archetypal criticism gets its impetus from psychologist Carl Jung, who postulated that humankind has a "collective unconscious," a kind of universal psyche, which is manifested in dreams and myths and which harbors themes . After Othello was convinced that Desdemona was cheating on him, Othello had started to show his disappointment with her. When you shall these unlucky deeds relate, At the center of the plays intrigue is Shakespeares most sinister and formidable conceptions of evil in Iago, whose motives and the wellspring of his villainy continue to haunt audiences and critics alike. Archetypal criticism is a product of both cultural anthropology and psychoanalysis which are academic fields that might seem to be far from the concept of archetypal criticism. Nobody; I myself. Othello falls in love with Desdemona and they secretly marry; later, he leaves to Cyprus to stop the Turks. Archetypal theory then took shape principally in the multidisciplinary journal refounded by Hillman in 1970 in Zurich, Spring: An Annual of Archetypal Psychology and Jungian Thought. Home Archetypal Criticism Archetypal Criticism, By NASRULLAH MAMBROL on October 22, 2020 ( 0 ). 364-367). Instead, they blame him for his own ultimate ruin. Archetypal Criticism Archetypal criticism argues that archetypes determine the form and function of literary works, . Othello is a man of high rank in Venice. His final speech mixes together the acknowledgment of what he was and what he has become, who he is and how he would like to be remembered: I have done the state some service, and they knowt. Evil is displayed before him, not indeed with the profusion found in King Lear, but forming, as it were, the soul of a single character, and united with an intellectual superiority so great that he watches its advance fascinated and appalled. It is in Act 3 Scene 3 where Othello takes on a new persona, where his confidence and happiness is tragically replaced with jealousy and rage. An archetype is universal; it is generated by man's psyche regardless of time of place. (2.1.191-93) Setting the scene. Iago replies: Demand me nothing; what you know, you know: / From this time forth I never will speak word. By Iagos exiting the stage, closing access to his motives, the focus remains firmly on Othello, not as Iagos victim, but as his own. An archetype is recurrent. Desdemona senses a change in Othello and she has a feeling that she will die soon due to the hands of Othello. Further, Jung termed his own theory analytical psychology, as it is still known especially in Europe, but Jungian thought is more commonly referred to today in all disciplines as archetypal psychology.. If we carefully examine the third scene in the third act, we can see how Othello fits into Aristotle's definition of tragic hero. Then must you speak Othello: Damn her, lewd minx! I do perceive here a divided duty: As the handkercheif is stolen from Desdemona, Othello believes that she has become unfaithful to him, which leads him down a jealous path and eventually kill her.
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