They are economically affected and politically caught between these colonial governments and many struggles between them. He and his team will vote from 17 sub-clans of Borana, one parliament member from each sub-clan. 0000002248 00000 n
Abagadha is anointed at an early age of 1-8 years. Gadaa class refers to a segment of genealogical generations constituted by two cross-cutting elements: age-sets and moieties. >3
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e#ggm RvPuE2@+1oB2\$kWvctwF~EhJ6p,? There may be no refuge left for them in severe droughts. Only those between 32-40 years are allowed to be part of this special Borana Defense Forces. This article is about East African ethnic group. Through Gadha system, Boranas believed to have conquered and protected their territory named, Dirre, Dirr Liban, Golbo, Wajer, Dibayu, Torban Jia (all original name) till the second world war where they were overpowered by the colonial politics. There may be no refuge left for them in severe droughts. [2][3][4], Under Gadaa, every eight years, the Oromo would choose by consensus nine leaders known as Salgan yaii Borana (the nine Borana assemblies). The election process is known as lallaba (proclamation). contact help me hank channel 7 As to the question, how many Gadaa grades are there and how long do they exactly take, it has been differently approached by several interpreters of the Gadaa System. Moreover, the passage of time has no subjective meaning unless it is punctuated with a transitional phenomenon, whether it is the climbing of the dock, periodic saturnalias, rites of passage, or graduation ceremonies. Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. They also learn songs, parables, proverbs, cultural and historical maps, and other social skills that they can use in public speech to praise the living and dead heroes or to criticize and ridicule cowardice and traitors. In the border regions of Ethiopia-Kenya and southwestern Somalia, one estimate places about 1,094,000 people as Boranas. The Oromo have used age-sets because generation-sets cannot be an effective means to mobilize troops and a quite distinct organization based on the closeness of age . The Eleven Regular Gadaa cycle among the Boran Among the Boran people the Gadaa System embraces eleven basic Gadaa grades: five active, five passive and one liminal (full retirement) stage. Each one of the Gadaa class has diversity and unity. The Borana are known by a generation set Organization, which is believed to guide every aspect of their life, called off the Gadaa system and Borana people are notable for their historic Gadda political system. The Abagadha is the overall in charge of all affairs of the Borana community and answerable to the Gumi Gayo (parliament). 0000002285 00000 n
For the South American sub-language, see, Borana Gadaa system- a form of government that is in existence for the last 567 years, The Oromo of East Africa, Southwestern Journal of Anthropology, Vol. Furthermore, a de facto or de jure councilor may be removed from the office, because of lack of competence, though not limited to, through a procedure known as uprooting (buqqisuu) (The principle of uprooting is discussed in detail under chapter six of this thesis). Corporal punishment of dabballe is strictly prohibited. Leaders are not only elected to position of authority to maintain the laws and the rules of the land but also made accountable for every decision they make during their tenure as councilors of their own constituency and leaders of the society.According to the Borana Oromo Gada System, the Gada is made up of three assemblies of active leaders and their immediate family members called Yaaa. Besides, the term generation has been used in different literature in connection with kinship descent, cohort, life stage and historical periods, which further complicate it. The Concept of Peace in the Oromo Gadaa System: Its Mechanisms and Moral Dimension. For example, phrases such as Gadaa-sets Cohorts, Cadre, or Gadaa class. 0000008615 00000 n
Baallii is a process of transferring power from one Gadaa party to the next. LIST OF ABBA GADA BORANA 1GADAYO GALGALO dambituu wargusaa fullaasa 2 YAYA FULELE YAYA galantu bareentu mardiida 3JARSO BABO GANO galantu luku. The system regulates political, economic, social and religious activities of the community. .Married men could also participate or send representatives to the assembly. Both sets of groups pass from one stage of development to the next every eight years. until they reach the sixth Gadaa grade). There were four senior councilors in this assembly. He Since the principle of five intervals stated hereinabove, in most cases, are not observed among the Boran people, children continue to be born (before the father reaches fifth Gadaa grade or after the father passed this stage). Those in Kenya and Ethiopia speak Borana language that is closely related to Oromo, which is part of the Cushitic branch of the large Afro-Asiatic language family. By Kana Golicha on 19th February 2022 | . the former is horizontal and refers to the collective, the latter is vertical and defines the responsibilities assumed successively throughout their careers. They ensured that the laws made in the higher levels of authority reached the people. xref
That is, in principle, a son always enters the system exactly forty years (i.e. [1] It is also practiced by the Konso and Gedeo people of southern Ethiopia. Major Oromo clans have established the centers of their Gadaa at several places based on their territorial settlement. Councils like these have sat down under similar circumstances in the gentle late afternoon sun, for the last five hundred years. The five Gadaa parties orderly come to power. The system covers political, social, economical and spiritual ways of life. This is the reason why the Borana Oromo chooses to call the Abba Gada of Harboora Assembly Hayyuu Fiixe, or Adula Fiixe, which literally means the prime councilor. Portuguese products available Online we mail to all lower 48 states. Being daballe is simply a privilege to the child as well as the mother. The society was structured into two distinct but cross-cutting system of the peer group. As a result, we will have early born and late-born sons. Gada Arboora The term or the name given to the first and most senior institution of one of the three institutional pillars of Gada (Yaa'a Gada Sadeenii) Gada Sadeenii (the three pillars of Gada) in Oromo-Borana Gada system that function together as a single body. For example, according to Boran diction, the term Dulo dule signifies that the Gadaa class of Dulo (waging war and it was one of the five Gadaa classes) had conducted military expedition. They were the Gada class or the Warra Bora. %
In nutshell, at the Raba Gadaa grade the following Gadaa executive bodies have to be constituted: The Executive officers (jaldhaba)comprising not less than six members; and. Regarding persons with special responsibilities, the Abba Gadaa, the elected chairman of the class leadership presides over the assembly. Had it been so, some argue that Gadaa would have been extinct long ago. Since Gadaa is found not only on age-groups but also on generation-sets, hence, understanding the generational relationship and its role is vital. Among other Gadaa businesses conducted at this level, the following are the most striking ones: First, it is at this grade where the Gadaa class and age-sets come into play as formal corporate groups. The other council-men bow in reverence. However, such perception, if any, is simply not right. Spiritually, Boranas believe that there is a supreme Being in charge of their worldly affairs and upper dominion, they believe that there is a creator called 'WAQ'. The other is a system in which the members are recruited equally strictly on the basis of genealogical generations. Gadaa was developed over five centuries with the purpose to foster social, political, economic and military matters collectively. His eyes still shine with the rigors of his youth. There was no taxation under this system except that Gadaaleaders and their families were provided with necessary materials, such as food, cloth, and house. Second, the group of men who are entering into the gadamojji grade is the fathers of the fifth Gadaa grade (the raba). (10) See abba gadaa stock video clips. Boranas also have special warriors that defend the community from any enemies. Accordingly, the objective of the election is obviously to elect members of a Gada Council (executive organ) known as the Gadaa Council (adula), which includes the Abba Gada office and others (more discussion on the Gadaa Council is held under separate section). [7][8][9] Whenever an Abbaa Gadaa dies while exercising his functions, the bokkuu (the symbol of power) passes to his wife and she keeps the bokkuu and proclaims the laws. The second in command who is also the supreme leader of the whole Borana community is referred to as Abagadha. %PDF-1.5
Dabballe is the initial Gadaa grade roughly ranging from birth to eight years. 0000001570 00000 n
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The Oromo Society is organized into two distinct but cross-cutting systems of peer group structures. . His eyes still shine with the rigors of his youth. As younger men, some of these old men may have also sat in the Borana Assembly or the Salgan yaa Borana. According to the Oromo worldview, all are established by divine will. The Abbaa Boku and his two colleagues are chosen from the oldest or most distinguished families, which are known as `families of Hayu. The principal function of the Abbaa Boku is to preside over the parliament to proclaim the laws, and to act when necessary as a ritual expert in the Gadaa-ceremonies. Both sets of groups pass from one stage of development to the next every eight years. Moreover, while the former serve for eight years, the later serves only for a limited period of time. Borana are polygamous, with a husband being the head of the family. 0000013937 00000 n
The Borana people are notable for practicing Gadaa system without interruption especially those residing in the Oromia region of Ethiopia, a larger percentage of Boranas in Liban Zone of Somali region and those in central Somalia were Muslims, where as those living in Borena Zone of Ethiopia and those in Kenya majorly practicing Christian and Islamic religion, but few still hold purely to their culture especially those in Sakhu Constituency of Marsabit County. %%EOF
Maakkala Abba Gada's assistants - messengers who help the hayyu to implement their tasks, particularly through keeping communications with the local communities, scattered throughout Borana land. Married Borana men look in their direction them from afar, as they water the camels. Elementary age-sets are the basic sets not tied to other variables such as initiations, the interval between father and son and other elements discussed hereinabove. As discussed elsewhere, the two groups are cross-cutting structural units that operate as complementary institutions as long as both are represented by living members.
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