33 Tried and True Ceramic Glaze Recipes . Cobalt greens are invariably satin to matte rather than glossy glazes. He wants to make glow in the dark glazes - we haven't checked the decomposition temperatures of this material yet but it should be doable. If you only apply one layer, the color will look translucent when fired. on bisque ware. Additions of stains and oxides can be done to personal taste. It has a nozzle or nib attached. Antifreeze is ethylene-glycol and is toxic. Once the last layer of underglaze is touch dry, rub it with a soft cloth. It will draw the liquid out of the underglaze very quickly. Glaze may be applied by dry-dusting a dry mixture over the surface of the clay body or by inserting salt or soda into the kiln at high temperatures to create an atmosphere rich in sodium vapor that interacts with the aluminium and silica oxides in the body to form and deposit glass, producing what is known as salt glaze pottery. When burnishing dry greenware, you need to wet it with a sponge before you start. I have used cobalt ox and h2o as an under glaze on both green ware and bisque ware. So, you dont need to be as worried about underglaze going onto the foot of your pottery. This will cause the soapy underglaze mixture to bubble up in the cup. If you dont let them dry then when you apply the next coat you will lift off the first. Recently we have a veterinarian as a studio member who soon be able to make the same decisions I do. By contrast, the unburned areas block the underglaze. If you are new to making your own pottery, you may have been wondering about different ways to use underglaze. This glaze covered their newly invented fritware, a thinner and whiter ware made from a mixture containing quartz, white clay and potash or soda. Underglaze Cobalt - Etsy Check out our underglaze cobalt selection for the very best in unique or custom, handmade pieces from our shops. Thanks. Before glazes existed, potters would decorate their ware by burnishing it. Once it's "dry", it a flexible plastic-like wrap. Clear glaze covers rest of . The idea is that the underlying clay is exposed by the lines made on the surface. There are four major factors that can affect a glazes color: the clay and slip beneath it, kiln atmosphere, fired temperature, and the glaze composition, including the colorants. However, you may want the color to go all the way up to the lip. So, your underglaze will sit neatly between the lines of your design. As the name suggests, underglaze is applied to pottery before it is glazed. When the bulb is squeezed the slip comes out in a trail. Pottery Techniques. When a fired glaze is exposed to light, the color of the glaze will depend entirely on which wavelengths of the light are absorbed by the valence electrons in the glaze colorants. Because the lines are relatively sharp, any smudging or bleeding when clear glaze is applied on top is magnified. A pleasure to talk with. It can harm the eyes, skin, heart, and lungs. 5 Awesome Pottery Gifts to Add to Your List, Book and Bowl Giveaway on Cousins in Clay Instagram on May 29- June 1, 2020, #beerswithbarry + @klineola @newbelgium_avl. The underglaze is stored in a small plastic bottle with a fine nozzle on it. An alternative approach is to paint the pottery with wax resist and then cut through the wax resist. Also available in CM in the classified or you could just use Alberta. ). The number of different painting underglaze techniques that you can use is limited only by your imagination. Black glazes are typically achieved using cobalt oxide or cobalt carbonate plus a blend of iron and other metallic oxides. January 17, 2014 in Clay and Glaze Chemistry, Someone at the ceramic supply store I've been going to recently mentioned to me that it's possible to do a sort of underpainting with cobalt carbonate mixed with water. You may need to do some test tiles to find the right combination. One or more of the oxides of copper, manganese, and chrome are added in many black glazes. This will leave you with a design that stands out as a positive image from your lino. We therefore, fire all of our work and our students work to cone 6 including underglazes. I worked for a potter who used it (cobalt and water) on bisque ware then dipped the work in anover glaze, the cobalt seeped through the over glaze to create the decoration. Then, roll your bisque fired ceramics through the surface of the shaving foam. And of course the amount of commercial stain to produce the rich colors similar to commercial underglazes was ultimately very expensive. cobalt underglaze recipe. As much as I love underglazes, there is something wonderful about cobalt blue decoration. This unit is used in unity molecular formulas for glazes. Web Blue-Green/Copper Red Glaze (Cone 6) Wright's Water Blue Glaze (Cones 1-6) Fake Ash (Cone 6, reduction) And lots more! Out of stock. Then, carefully invert it into the bucket so the bubbles are trapped in the bowl or cup. An underglaze decal is an image that has been printed onto backing paper. Yes, you can apply to either greenware or bisque. Apply 3 or more layers if you want opacity. The level of harm depends upon the . Total. From about 1745, the porcelain manufactory at Vincennes (established in 1740 on the grounds of a former hunting lodge, east of Paris) marked its wares with the royal cipher - two interlaced L's. This is usually painted in cobalt blue, either in overglaze enamel or in underglaze pigment. This Underglaze copper red decoration was very rare. Once the pottery is covered with bubbles, gently blow on the bubble mixture on the pottery. 537 Spectrum Cobalt Blue Underglaze, 4 oz. Glaze can be shiny or matt, opaque or transparent, Most underglaze can be applied to clay at any greenware stage. A crusty blue glaze with iridescent patina. Cobalt blue was used by the ninth century Iranian potters to decorate the colorless alkali glaze. Once you have covered the area you want marbling with foam and underglaze carry it to the sink. This will ensure that you cover the areas that you want to cover, and the color is even. I found that too thick of an application caused flaking and pinholing. And check that any air bubbles dragged into the underglaze when mixing have been released. Line cutting is a very simple way to add graphic-looking images and textures to your pottery. As such, you can roller underglaze onto the design. Avoid Melting Problems, Choosing a Pottery Glaze A Beginners Guide to Ceramic Glazes. Try it with Cobalt Blue under or over. DJ Grape Glaze Recipe DJ's GRAPE GLAZE WITH COBALT CARBONATE cone 6 Neph Sy- 18g Frit 3134- 14g Whiting- 20g OM4- 18g Silica- 30g 100g sample ALSO NEED Chrome Oxide- 0.2g Tin Oxide- 7.5g Cobalt Carbonate-1g RIO- 0.5g. Want to discuss quantum mechanics or laser exciters he's the guy. The total of all the colorant oxides need not be more than 10 or 11%. I'm unsure if this actually makes a difference, but I've always enjoyed the results so I've never bothered to try mixing in water. I need to make a bright blue colour to do an underglaze and want to know what would be the best colours to add to do so. I have some if you want to try . The Raku kiln uses gas for fuel and heats up fast, while the electric kiln uses electric coils and heats up much slower. However, it is a simple way of adding details to small areas. Make the paper stencil damp so it sticks to the underglaze. like this along with intermediate to advanced techniques in every issue ofPottery Making Illustrated. Having multiple colored layers affects the overall color of the piece. The Pottery Wheel is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program. Once the paint has dried the excess can simply be wiped off the wax resist surface. However, two or more colorants in a glaze interact so that the wavelengths of light absorbed are different for the combination than for either colorant by itself. When the pottery is fired the wax resist is burnt off leaving a clean surface. to create colloids. If the slip is a different color from the underglaze, the color of the slip will pop through the underglaze. Sieve all materials with an 80 mesh sieve and then ball mill for at least 12 hours. 1500. They are also perfect for scraffito, stenciling, marbling, and other decorative techniques. If you are working with multiple colors, make sure that your brush is clean when switching between colors. 5 layers of underglaze are common. Pottery Making Illustrated (at Highwater) has an article:33 EPK33 Frit 312433 Stain or oxidestarch.You may have to tone down the Cobalt.try it by tablespoon for a start . Sponges are one of the most simple ways to use underglaze on greenware or bisque pottery. I needed a fairly heavy clay content for adhesion to the clay body, and an equal amount of flux Underglaze pens are good for fine detail work. was looking for on how to make underglazesomething similar to commercial underglaze. The reason for this is that you have to apply some pressure to the pencil to leave a mark. 1.Development of China glaze cobalt blue painted patterns c. 1775 - 1810. Let the underglaze sit for a moment so that any bubbles can rise to the surface. Books Garth Clark: Geert Laps Book is a Visual Feast but Intellectually Confused. base mixing stage. adhesion needed. 0. Clay with grog in it will be harder to score and the lines will be less defined. Make sure your underglaze is mixed. This comment has been removed by the author. After discovering commercial underglaze, I was sure I could make that too. Keep the lip level as you dip it into the underglaze upside down. Then the underglaze that you apply for decoration is then less likely to flake off. It is often used to add color and decoration to the piece, and it can be applied in a variety of ways, including brushing, brushwork, and slip trailing. It is easy to make and use paper stencils to apply underglaze. Is it for brushability? And you can add some Elmers Glue-all (white carpenter's wood glue) to the liquid mixture to stop the dried painting medium from smudging so easily. Valence Electrons: The unbound, shared electrons that move among atoms rather than moving within a single atom. Smooth the shaving foam out with a flat edge like a spatula or a ruler. to lower the melting point of the silica, and to create a hard surface. 0. Copper Carbonate. But if you do that, you have to keep the container of the painting medium capped most of the time and also wash out the brushes regularly. Dont have time to read the whole article? You can also apply a gum solution over the glaze. In the areas where you are creating shade and tone, make the underglaze thicker. clear glaze very well without dissolving into the glaze during the firing. 3a, 3c-d) or manganese brown ( Fig. Cobalt tape uses 24 grams of PVA (polyvinyl acetate) glue (Elmers White) with 30 grams of Glycerin. I would take a slip (LUG) and then add more cobalt since you seemed to like that. Lesser amounts of MgO will produce lavender, larger amounts combined with an opacifier will produce a strong grape purple. Its possible to buy very fine metal nozzles for a slip trailer. The pressure you put on the pen tip opens a valve that transfers the underglaze onto your work. As a result, the image is printed onto the pottery. If you want to build up color, you will need to apply several layers. You may be applying the clear glaze directly on top of the underglaze on its raw unfired state. After many firings and many eliminations, this recipe came very close to replicating commercial underglaze. That's the amazing thing about ceramics. In a deep and classic blue and white colorway, the pattern was originally launched in 1812. be drinking it, but for a non-toxic substitution, use non-toxic. Place your lino up against your pottery. You can blow more bubbles are you go along. It is very simple to make your own transfers. The large batch of glaze is closer to the intended recipe, but different from your test batch. Like many people, I used the potters wheel at school. 3 days ago ceramicartsnetwork.org Show details . Imagine you have created a leaf-shaped stencil out of paper. You can also buy sponges that are pre-cut into a range of shapes. Spectrum_offers a full palette of rich, vibrant colors that are opaque with 3 coats, semi-opaque with 2 coats and semi-transparent with 1 coat. Make a line blend varying MgO content to test for the shade of purple desired. It is found in rocks, soil, water, plants, and animals, including people. I tested each glaze on leather-hard, bone-dry, and bisqued earthenware and stoneware test tiles. This is a simple piece of equipment that looks a little like a tobacco pipe. Then sponge off the excess underglaze from the surrounding clay. Or you may have applied underglaze to bisque ware and then put the clear glaze over. Cobalt was used under the glaze to paint the outlines and areas of blue wash needed in the design. One suggested way of using underglaze crayons is to apply a glaze to your piece first. But, test before doing a full scale piece. Most underglaze transfers can be applied to greenware or bisqueware. Underglaze pens, pencils, and crayons allow you to draw precise lines on your pottery. John Britt Pottery 2012 Workshop Schedule. Brushability was best with the Sta Flo. Layering applies to block base colors and finer painted details too. In the heart of The Potteries, we are the UK's leading manufacturer of kilns and moulds, as well as a leading supplier of clay, glaze, raw materials and tools. At low levels, it is beneficial to human health and is a component of vitamin . I've tried 2 different shades of Amaco's LUG series, but don't like the consistency, or visibility. Simply design your image and then run it through a photocopier on ordinary white printing paper. Here are 16 of the best and most versatile ways of using underglaze on your pottery and ceramics. Blue Glaze with Green Crystals ^6 ox. The sgraffito technique involves painting multiple layers of slip or underglaze onto leather hard clay. Once the underglaze has been transferred, carefully peel the paper off the pottery. Underglaze Techniques Covered in This Article: 16 Underglaze Techniques Why Not Experiment? If you have cut the background away, the design will stand proud of the lino block. Or you can cut your sponge into a particular shape that you want to recreate on the pottery. thanks all. By itself this color concentrate is slightly more fluxed than under-glaze at ^06 and not quite as fluxed as most glazes at ^6. If it dries out whilst you are working, you can mist it with water to keep it damp. I mix the cobalt oxide with gerstley borate, which also typically eliminates the need for adding the PVA (Elmers white) glue. 550 Polaris Parkway, Suite 510 cobalt underglaze recipecoastal plains climate. 7440-48-4. I use a mixture starting with black cobalt oxide that gets mortated and pestled (the black always seems to be a less fine grind than the carbonate). Articles also in CM, if I remember correctly. Then mix well. The bulb is made of rubber and is the right size to be held by hand. What temp do you fire at? We use clear squeeze bottles from a restaurant supply store. A colloid is a substance microscopically dispersed evenly throughout another substance (think mayonnaise or hand cream). I actually have some alberta. Successful firing of underglaze copper-red requires extremely precise control of the firing process in order to achieve the best colour, and this vase is a credit to the kiln master responsible for its firing, since the red is exactly the desired rich crushed-raspberry colour. rock-hard mess and be nearly impossible to brush onto any clay surface. Airbrushes are great for creating color gradients. The piece was then glazed and fired at a high temperature. Because a significant amount of alumina can be dissolved from the clay body by the glaze during firing, glaze thickness can cause the same glaze to turn blue (where thick) and green (where thin) on the same piece. I may also get a commission from other affiliate programs. Method 1 Making a Glaze with Turpentine and Stand Oil Download Article 1 Buy linseed stand oil and turpentine from an art store. 2009 chevy silverado center console lid replacement; tess gerritsen net worth Once the bisque ware had dried again, a clear glaze can be applied and the pottery can be fired again. Today, most commercial underglazes are formulated using frits, which reduce shrinkage, allowing them to be applied to both greenware and bisqueware. 1 I remember it as being brushable (like 10,000 irises worth), stable and not harsh.Might be time to try it in the wood kiln Nice David! Raeburn is printed and painted underglaze and it demonstrates the brilliance of Spode's colors. cobalt underglaze recipegriffin park demolishedgriffin park demolished You can burnish underglaze with a smooth stone or the back of a spoon. This will create a textured pattern of your design. Using the tips of your fingers or dipping tongs you can submerge your ware into the underglaze. I have been doing some more research and have read about mixing up a slip with a little cobalt carbonate in it, and then painting that on (I would assume) leather-hard clay before bisquing. Hence the watercolor look. Brushing glaze over a stain could cause bleeding. You can buy either wax or chalk underglaze crayons. Im Lesley, the creator of The Pottery Wheel. underglaze.). If I apply the cobalt (either mixed with frit and water or mixed into a slip) to greenware and then fire, will it still cause bleeding? I wanted to learn everything, right awayand I loved my glaze calc class. Glaze is a form of Glass which becomes fused to the ceramic surface during firing. There are quite a few potters and artists who sell interesting designs on Etsy. The air in the vessel will stop the underglaze from going onto the inside surface. Once this layer of glaze has gone off, you can apply your second layer more liberally. And it can be applied to bisque fired clay before glazing. Traditional Cobalt Decorated Tiles from Delft. Lotus flowers mean "qingbai lianjie," or "pure and honest." 6-character inscription: "Made during the Qianlong reign of the Great Qing." Unglazed base of foot-ring. Making the same media above with cobalt oxide 1.8% in place of 11.1% mason stain, results in a color immediately recognizable as blue rather than the midnight blue-black achieved by mixing the same amount of cobalt oxide with brushing media. I prefer to put oxides and underglazes on greenware and then bisque; that way, if I need to touch up a color, I can do so before glazing. The underglaze is put in a little bowl on top of the pipe. Once the design has been marked on the clay, they can start to carve it out. It is a way of carrying the underglaze design. A date-lettering system was introduced around 1754. Out of stock. In the end, mixing this Variations of underglaze recipes were available on the Internet but not much could be found in textbooks, Some will brighten up and get a bit darker when they have been fired. Normally a clear glaze is applied on top of the underglaze. 300. It can be further diluted with water or brushing medium like propylene glycol or gylcerin. I actually mixed three batches of each recipe to testing gums and suspenders, without which, any substance mixed from the above ingredients would settle to a Carbonate: The compound of carbon and oxygen in a 1:3 ratio that gives a negatively charged ion. The colors became muted when fired to cone 10 but still held up in hardness and adhesion. Exposure to cobalt may cause cancer. Next, you rub the underglaze with your stone or spoon, until the surface takes on a high sheen. Emily,For years I used a painting slip for blues for cone 10 reduction base on Albany slip. Oasis Blue - Runny! By Posted kyle weatherman sponsors In automann slack adjuster cross reference Create a layer about 1 inch thick. Glaze is a thin layer of liquid clay applied to the surface & then fired to form a hard, glossy coating. Buy a slab of foam sponge. This blog is a chronicle of what I have learned as I got back into the potter's saddle! In addition to this, the way you fire something will affect how your pottery turns out. If we use lots of talc, dolomite or another source of magnesium in a cobalt glaze, a beautiful bubble-gum purple glaze can be the result! That is why we may add both cobalt (blue) and chrome (green) to get a glaze that is turquoise. Because burnished pottery is not glazed, it is also generally porous. This will result in some areas being more translucent than others and will add to the watercolor effect. Like other decorating techniques, it can be a good idea to apply white underglaze before you paint your design. Mixed one part tint bottle with 3 to 7 parts clear or white glaze results in a translucent color. And a small amount of frit 3124. And if you're a glaze nerd like me, you might even enjoy it! Then, using a sharp tool like a metal rib, they will scrape off the excess underglaze from the unscored areas. However, be careful not to load your brush so much that it drips once it has been applied. Underglaze is an incredibly versatile way of decorating clay. Introduction of polychrome painted floral patterns with minimal use of cobalt c.1795 to c.1815. cobalt underglaze recipe. The main material you will use is shaving foam! Then drip your underglaze onto the shaving foam. Some ceramicists screenprint underglaze onto slabs of wet clay. Pour in the gerstley borate mixture leaving 1" at the top of each bottle then shake thoroughly. They are a great way to add fine detail to your design if you enjoy drawing. Keep the lip level as you dip it into the underglaze upside down. But if you want your colors to be more solid, you need to apply at least 2 layers. Doubling up on the finer details may feel fiddly. Ceramic Studio. http://www.jonsinger.org/jossresearch/ceramics/special/fluorphoto.html, http://www.mphotoluminescent.com/products_detail/&productId=97b071c0-080f-4f1f-88fc-60fb09147d7f&comp_stats=comp-FrontProducts_list01-004.html, http://www.gtamart.com/mart/products/phspgmnt/glaze.html. Then hold the paper up to your pottery. But it looks like it's probably a lot of the same materials to create photo luminescence where the element absorbs light then gives it off over time as the excited electrons drop back into their lower orbitals (at least according to pre-quantum mechanics chemistry). Usually, several layers are used to make the color opaque enough. Here is a step-by-step video on how to use underglaze transfers. Jennifer Poellot Harnetty, editor. More testing to do. 2 days to break down. My clay choices included: EPK kaolin, calcined kaolin, OM-4 ball clay, and talc, all fairly white firing as to not add to the color, and each contributing something different to the The substance created does not settle and cannot be separated out by ordinary filtering or centrifuging like those in a typical suspension. For this reason, most potters will burnish clay when it is leather hard. You can cut away the background around your design. Or the potter may choose to draw or paint a further underglaze design on top of the burnished surface. Plus, I will compare the materials used, the firing process, and the end results with how these distinctions affect ceramic artists' work. If you can think of a use for it you can also make a cobalt tape which is flexible and can be cut with scissors or hole punches then applied. Try the cobalt and frit in equal amounts, then add water to find the consistency and color you want. To achieve semblance of such decoration, overglaze iron red decoration was used instead. Here is a complete step-by-step video of the process. I tested CMC gum (powder, premixed into a liquid), premixed bentonite, and Sta Flo laundry starch (a tip from one of the internet recipes). The glue air sets. Clay Club aims to connect potters and ceramic artists of our community. Underglaze or colored slip can be painted into the incised lines. We could use Weve Been Here The Whole Time | Adero Willard | Episode 917, Gallery Exhibit of clay students and teachers #3, A New Village Potter Resident: Caroline Woolard, an Intentional and Intuitive Potter. So, I thought it would be helpful to write an overview of some of the best ones. Also, you will see brush strokes if you have only one coat of underglaze. Ball Clay 23% EPK 23% Silica 23% F- 4 Kona Spar 23% Bentonite 8% Add: 1 liquid ounce Glycerin per 100 grams Mottled Blue - Single dip (2-3 coats brushed) Fairly stable, no running, some breaking. Glaze layering can have a similar effect with layering of the cobalt glaze over a white glaze firing blue but the cobalt glaze alone firing green. Like watercolor painting on canvas, you can create a subtle wash effect with underglaze. One tool that is helpful for applying underglaze is to use a banding wheel. Look up Jon Singer. To get a vibrant rich color when painting on underglaze its important to apply at least 2 layers. Incorporate Sta Flo Laundry Starch until the mixture reaches a thin yogurt consistency and sieve the entire mixture again. Then using a roller or your thumb press the lino onto the clay surface. Every mole of flux should include more than 0.2 moles of MgO to get purple. A good idea is to buy a slab of sponge that might be used to line a chair. The air in the vessel will stop the underglaze from going onto the inside surface. The burnished underglaze can be fired as it is. The most important ingredient in the glaze is silica, and the variations in type depend on the addition of other materials.' These additions include copper, aluminium and other ingredients that can affect the glaze's viscosity, colour and texture. It is less toxic than many other metals. Apr 8, 2020 - Cone 6 glaze recipes. - Holly Goring, Editor, Pottery Making Illustrated. Slip is a liquid mixture of clay and water used for forming ceramic pieces and as a base for glaze. If you dip a very wet brush into your underglaze you will be diluting the mixture as you go along. So, you can use a combination of drawing and painting to create a detailed effect. By using this site, you agree to our Terms of Use. Leather hard clay offers more resistance and will provide a cleaner finish. As the name suggests, slip trailing involves trailing slip (liquid clay) across your pottery. These range from dipping and painting, to carving and marbling. This is done with a slip trailing bulb. If you don't have ingredients handy yet, everything you need may be purchased at a local art store. CAS No. Gerstley borate provides needed flux and suspension in water which gives people an easy way to portion out color. You are here: Home 1 / avia_transparency_logo 2 / News 3 / cobalt underglaze recipe cobalt underglaze recipetexas lake lots for sale by owner June 7, 2022 / lawyers against mcfd / in charlie schlatter leukemia / by / lawyers against mcfd / in charlie schlatter leukemia / by A small addition of a lower melting frit will tend to "set" the bisque fired material a bit. The spray that it creates is less fine than an electric airbrush and has a splatter effect too. Depending on the glaze I find that blues in particular run under clear glazes above low temp. Alumina and titania in a cobalt glaze will shift the fired glaze color from blue to green. thanks for the useful information on mixing this stuff. The underglaze decoration technique is identified by OM through the dark layer corresponding to the cobalt blue ( Fig. For example, molding the slab around a bowl. Jon is ceramics "tech weenie" to beat all tech weenies. Brooklyn Museum, The William E. Hutchins Collection, Bequest of Augustus S. Hutchins, 52.87.1. However, it does need to be sharp. It can be lush if planned on. Dipping One of the More Traditional Underglaze Techniques. Recipe: (Percent, . Because this involves quite a bit of huffing and puffing, it is not ideal for large pieces. Oxides result when an element combines with oxygen. With underglaze, the world really is your creative oyster. 100. Because the glaze subsequently covers it, such decoration is completely durable, and it also allows the production of pottery with a surface that has a uniform sheen. You can also add some gum Arabic or CMC or glycerine or similar additive to make the mixture more brushable. hobby magazine One of the more contemporary underglaze techniques is airbrushing. Antique 1850's Cobalt Underglaze, Hand Painted with Gilding German Porcelain Undertray with Inserts for Inkwells w Floral and Aviary Design FinerThingsAntiques (234) $299.99 Coffee cup hand build of a porcelain clay. This can be drawn freehand or traced. After they have painted in the underglaze or slip, they wait for it to dry. The tools used are many and varied ranging from scalpels, pencils, needlepoints, and small loop tools. Underglaze pencil patterns will show up through painted underglaze and glazes applied to your pottery. Been done. It is burned on by exposing light-sensitive emulsion to UV rays. Hi - I use this slip - 50% spar 50% ball clay and then 2.5% Co and .5% iron oxide. Some underglazes can be co-fired with a clear glaze on top in a single firing. Attach it the the bisque by wetting the back side and applying. Cobalt Carbonate. It creates a permanent color that can't be changed after glazing and firing. The layers can be the same color or you can mix the colors up. Like always you'll have to test to find the blend that works with your clay, glaze, and style of brushwork.
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