Survey Report on the Nationwide Coastal Zone Preservation and Utilization Plan, p. 336. Oceans https://doi.org/10.1029/2020jc016464 (2020). Luijendijk, A. et al. Appl. Hagenaars, G., de Vries, S., Luijendijk, A. P., de Boer, W. P. & Reniers, A. J. H. M. On the accuracy of automated shoreline detection derived from satellite imagery: a case study of the sand motor mega-scale nourishment. Coastal erosion definition: Coastal is used to refer to things that are in the sea or on the land near a coast .. | Meaning, pronunciation, translations and examples A study using sediment samples from the Sea of Okhotsk on the . A final objective is to comprehensively integrate the separate efforts undertaken to achieve the first three objectives. xb```b``vf`e`ad@ AGG' rD:/by~AA gy-q=XxVC.w7QXxJ&4ibJMEmZ#Sa"/b)t
.eh-b1ocd>F$+X&jHDtF!(CV"/)`*J}}+3e0X911CMM0!( In other words, the status of the environmental foundation determines the health and viability of coastal zones. 16, 113127 (1991). New Tools for Erosion Management 17 1. Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter what matters in science, free to your inbox daily. Im changing the way people see it.. Choi, K. Y., Vecchi, G. A. The seas around Japan are deep, while those around the Gulf Coast arent as much, Kato says, also noting that Japan loses 1.6 square kilometers of beach a year to erosion. One of the purposes of Mimura et al.s method is to overcome the trade-offs between the objectives. It is simultaneously majestic and odd. One can only imagine, though, the hackles that would rise if a large percentage of our coasts were suddenly aesthetically shackled with concrete blockades. Your subscription plan doesn't allow commenting. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Raw data to reproduce Figs. However, coastal erosion and construction of coastal preservation structures are adversely affecting these ecosystems. Published on March 2017 | Categories: Documents | Downloads: 15 | Comments: 0 | Views: 125 0000003257 00000 n
If the environmental foundation is not maintained over long time scales (say, decades), the ecological, disaster prevention, and human utilization functions of coastal zones will suffer. A constant reminder of this complex interplay are the concrete structures that line more than 40% of Japans jagged coastline. Use of and/or registration on any portion of this site constitutes acceptance of our User Agreement (updated 1/1/20) and Privacy Policy and Cookie Statement (updated 1/1/20) and Ars Technica Addendum (effective 8/21/2018). It stops the waves from beating down on the shore, whether during a gales of a tsunami or the daily lap of erosion. Gorelick, N. et al. That means domestic areas arent as prone to the type of seismic activity that propagate earthquakes and tsunamis. 185, 271283 (2016). Coastal erosion is a major concern in Japan, as it threatens the coastal zone's ability to act as a front line against disasters, as well as the use of that zone. Kato visited New Orleans in the wake of Hurricane Katrina to help assess damage. El Nio in a changing climate. J. Geophys. (316 KB), https://doi.org/10.1142/9789813146259_fmatter, https://doi.org/10.1142/9789813146259_0001, Beach erosion is a phenomenon in which land is worn away and disappears owing to wave action. Sarah Baird Japan has very little marshland in comparison to the United States, thus, compared to the U.S., Japan is focusing on creating sand beaches, dry beaches, and seaweed sites. Q. J. R. Meteorol. It looks like you're using an ad blocker. J. Geophys. Here we use 38 years of Landsat imagery to map shoreline variability around the Pacific Rim and identify coherent patterns of beach erosion and accretion controlled by ENSO. ____________________________________________, Introduction This highlights the inescapable need in Japan to make efficient use of its coastal zones. Since Cyclone Xaver struck the Norfolk coast in December 2013, threatening to destroy her bungalow atop the sandy cliffs of Happisburgh, she has been living in a ramshackle caravan perched on what is left of her small paddock. Japan is part of the Asian temperate monsoon climatic region, and it is bathed by the warm Japan Current on the Pacific side and Tsushima Current on the Sea of Japan side of the country. Most of Japan is threatened by flooding and high waves during the typhoon season around September. Remote Sens. 39, 25 (2012). 0000001358 00000 n
(1963, 1973, 1983 and 1993) Coastal Statistics. Analysis of changes in the coastline reveal that as artificial coastline has increased, and that natural coastline has correspondingly decreased. After the earthquake and tsunami hit [in 2011], weve been rebuilding everything, but a lot hasnt come back yet, Yoshinori Okuyama, Director General of the Sendai Bay South Coast Office, noted. And boy, arent they popular. Increasing frequency of extreme El Nio events due to greenhouse warming. To achieve true ICZM, establishment of new laws and administrative bodies is desirable. Res. Res. Coastal erosion is the process by which local sea-level rise, powerful wave action, and coastal flooding destroy or carry away rocks, soils, and/or sands along the shore. ICZM is absolutely essential to solve Japans development-related coastal zone problems. The impact of the 200910 El Nio Modoki on US West Coast beaches. One of the earli- est extensive beach nourishment projects undertaken in the United States was in Harrison County, Mississippi, in the 1950s. And while breakwater barriers also can be found in places like England, Morocco, andyesthe US, Japan seems to have most readily embraced their functionality. The southern oscillation. Geophys. 0000000736 00000 n
This is a combination of tsunami forests with wetland and other land use that facilitate water detention to absorb storm water runoff and tsunami . The Japan Times LTD. All rights reserved. Process. Masselink, G. & Short, A. D. The effect of tide range on beach morphodynamics and morphology: a conceptual beach model. and K.D.S. Its objective was the prevention of disasters. 13, 3587 (2021). Two tsunamis, however, hit the Sea of Japan coast in 1983 and 1993, which underscores the need for vigilance in this area as well. Hansen, J. E. & Barnard, P. L. Sub-weekly to interannual variability of a high-energy shoreline. Interannual response of reef islands to climate-driven variations in water level and wave climate. & Yu, J. Y. Martina Schwikowski. If the sand and sediments have drifted from one side, it must accumulate somewhere else. Res. Eng. Stretching along the Sea of Japan, the Ishikawa coast benefits from a number of diverse and contrasting coastal zone ecosystems exhibiting different physiographic, topographic and geomorphologic characteristics. They can hit anywhere in Japan, but they are most common on the Pacific coast. In addition, the Sea of Japan side of Japan is buffeted by strong winds and rough seas in the winter. The total land area of Japan is approximately 378,000 square kilometers (see Table 1). and more. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles In the following sections we will examine the current status of Japans coastal zone relative to the three functional aspects of coastal zones important to humans mentioned above-disaster prevention, human utilization, and provision of ecological services. To translate the full report, please use the translator in the top right corner of the page. Japan, on the other hand, has what Fuminori Kato of the National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management describes as steep coasts, where mountains run directly into the sea and tectonic plates meet nearby. For the past seven years, he has marketed a stuffed Tetrapod made out of nubby grey felt, allowing people to bring a little piece of the concrete seaside into their own home. It was found that aquatic plants and animals were able to attach themselves easier to a slanted stacked stone seawall which was built for the Kansai International Airport in Osaka Bay. Follow this author to. We humbly apologize for the inconvenience. AAaaaaaaaaaaaagh . Tetrapods, nightmares coming back. Regardless of unknown variables, the minimum projected rate of beach loss in the near future is 18%, according to the study. Earth Surf. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-022-01117-8, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-022-01117-8. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); View this online at: https://nautilus.org/esena/toward-integrated-coastal-management-in-japan/, Nautilus Institute
coastal erosion in japan coastal erosion in japan coastal erosion in japan has not start now but start from 30 to 40 years ago when seas development and gulf DismissTry Ask an Expert Ask an Expert Sign inRegister Sign inRegister Home Ask an ExpertNew My Library Discovery Institutions McMaster University York University University of Ottawa And with the earthquake that occurred this week in Fukushimaan aftershock of 2011, experts believethis effort seems more pressing than ever. A 60,000 square meter seaweed mound was created to replace a seaweed site that was destroyed by the construction of the Ikata power plant in Ehime Prefecture. October 13, 2022. However, there are problems with the dry beach, including sinking of the site. & Vandenhove, M. Primary drivers of multidecadal spatial and temporal patterns of shoreline change derived from optical satellite imagery. Southern Oscillation Influences on the Gold Coasts summer wave climate. Nat. . 2342 Shattuck Ave. #300, Berkeley, CA 94704 | Phone: (510) 423-0372 | Email: nautilus@nautilus.org. 40, pp. Tamil Nadu, with a long coastline of 991.47 km, recorded erosion along 42. . 3, pp. Cai, W. et al. Nat. Conclusion Nature Geoscience thanks Juilan OGrady, Patrick Barnard, Mark Dickson and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work. This relationship is one of both of dependence, with most of the countrys population living in coastal areas, and fear, as tsunamis and storm surges periodically threaten communities. & Ruiz de Alegra-Arzaburu, A. In the Pacific Basin, the El Nio/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is the dominant mode of interannual climate variability, driving substantial changes in oceanographic forcing and impacting Pacific coastlines. Mitigation concept. The Japanese islands, adjacent to convergent-type plate boundaries, have been subject to active crustal movements, volcanism and metamorphism, which yielded complex geological structures and a variety of rock types. Eng. The combined effects of elevated wave energy, water levels and directional shifts common during El Nio events have historically resulted in severe coastal erosion along the North American west . Today, the Maniapparel founder boasts over 50 stuffed Tetrapods of various sizes inside his own home, and clearly hes onto something. ICZM Theoretical Framework The maintenance of coastal sand drifts provides another example of ICZM. Extreme wave activity during 2013/2014 winter and morphological impacts along the Atlantic coast of Europe. All rights reserved. Res. Geophys. Sci. 0000001259 00000 n
There are other concerns about breakwater barriers, too, like whether or not they have the potential to slowly increase sediment deposits by washing down the coast bit-by-bit, in turn actually increasing erosion. https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL047707 (2011). For example: in the US, beach nourishmentwhere sand from outside locations is used to fill in eroding beacheshas long been a popular plan of attack for coastal defense schemes. & Howell, J. A stones throw off the coastline, dozens of gigantic, 10-ton concrete structures known as Tetrapods form a long row and lookif were being honestas if a giant dumped a behemoth box of jacks into the sea. Ars may earn compensation on sales from links on this site. 47, e2020GL088365 (2020). 0000002342 00000 n
A. Bull. Thus, Japan experiences relatively high sea temperatures and a warm climate given its high northern latitude. 0000001796 00000 n
Nyberg, B. Overview1. Change 4, 111116 (2014). - Sanriku coast, Japan. 43, pp. Were not trying to completely stop the waves from coming in a tsunami, thats impossible, says Okuyama. Am. As part of the Government's 200 million flood and coast innovation programme, 36 million will be invested to explore innovative approaches of adapting to the effects of coastal erosion. Coastal erosion is a natural process which occurs whenever the transport of material away from the shoreline is not balanced by new material being deposited onto the shoreline. Google Earth Engine: planetary-scale geospatial analysis for everyone. Creation of Coastal Environments, Asakura Shoten, p. 208. Geophys. 0000007270 00000 n
The source code to estimate beach slopes from satellite-derived shorelines and modelled tides (CoastSat.slope) is available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3872442. A 24-hectare dry beach has been created along a breakwater to replace the dry beach at the mouth of a river which was been lost to harbor development. Bracs, M. A., Turner, I. L., Splinter, K. D., Short, A. D. & Mortlock, T. R. Synchronised patterns of erosion and deposition observed at two beaches. The material on this site may not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, cached or otherwise used, except with the prior written permission of Cond Nast. How is erosion affecting the recovery of the Fukushima area? https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL043215 (2010). Correspondence to At the same time, coastal zones are subject to intense use by humans-for transportation activities, resources and energy extraction, industrial uses, and recreation. It all comes down to geology. K.V. As hypothesized, the west coast has been the most impacted by human development. typhoons, and coastal erosion Other vulnerable sectors include agriculture, forestry, fisheries, water resources, coastal management, natural ecosystems and their services, and human health US$115 billion is needed to protect Japan infrastructure against just a 1 m rise in sea-levels National frameworks and policies need to Coastal erosion has been particularly severe since the end of World War II and coincides with Japans rapid industrialization after the war. 0000007916 00000 n
Geol. Development in the post-war era has resulted in Japans coastline becoming an artificial coastline. Soc. Wulder, M. A. et al. ), the hydro-sphere (sea climate, sea bottom topography, water quality and bottom quality, etc. Councillors will this week urge ministers to treat coastal erosion as a natural catastrophe like flooding, saying that there is a lack of national guidance and funding to help tackle the issue . While it can be said that the coastline has been protected, it can also be said that the coastline is no longer natural. Soc. Federal Authority 15 2. 0000002592 00000 n
44, 24162426 (2017). Such significant coastal erosion coupled with land subsidence was observed in Niigata Coast, Central Japan, where the . Data 6, 161 (2019). Higher frequency of Central Pacific El Nio events in recent decades relative to past centuries. 0000009461 00000 n
Nippon Foundation of Japan Fellowship Programme, and to contribute to the development of . Pardo-Pascual, J. E., Almonacid-Caballer, J., Ruiz, L. A. Lawson, S. K. et al. ICZM Examples Website developed by Computer Courage. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law. The problem of coastal erosion. (Tetrapod, iPod, get it?) Until recently prevention of disasters was the primary focus of Japanese coastal zone management. There are four types of erosion: Hydraulic action - this is the sheer. This underscores the fact that human activity in Japan has reached a level where its impact on coastal zones can not be ignored. However, before writing your first comment, please create a display name - Nov 25, 2016 1:00 pm UTC. 8, 801807 (2015). Beaches in Japan have been eroding since the 1970s because of artificial land alterations and unsustainable coastal development. A sand bypass was employed to maintain what is perhaps Japans most famous coastal sand drifts-a formation known as Ama-no-Hashidate (Bridge of Heaven) in Kyoto Prefecture. Notify me of follow-up comments by email. Nat. Beaches in Japan have been eroding since the 1970s because of artificial land alterations and unsustainable coastal development. Remote Sens. Coast. References. This is followed by Kerala on the west coast, which has 592.96 km of coastline and 46.4% of it (275.33 km) faced erosion. Each of these aspects are intricately linked. Sea level anomalies exacerbate beach erosion. Plus, no manmade structure is completely immune from destruction in the wake of a tsunami. Copyright 2023 Nautilus Institute. Japan has established no ICZM system for maintaining the integrity of the coastal zone. Geosci.) Thats what can mean the difference between life and death.. Geomorphology 333, 6172 (2019). The seawall, as you might imagine, is a tall, sloped structure intended to keep the sea and the land somewhat apart. Ranasinghe, R. Assessing climate change impacts on open sandy coasts: a review. Meek, G. E., Ozgur, C. & Dunning, K. Comparison of the t vs. Wilcoxon signed-rank test for Likert scale data and small samples. 55, 10791129 (2017). A. To learn more see our FAQ. Thus, one objective of ICZM is to preserve the ecological integrity of coastal zone ecosystems. Rev. The eroding velocity of the rocky coast with its large compressive strength is extremely small compared with that of the sandy beach. Sorry, but your browser needs Javascript to use this site. 380, 196204 (2016). jointly supervised this work. Automatic extraction of shorelines from Landsat TM and ETM+ multi-temporal images with subpixel precision. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. Earth Surf. 0xUdpCa0!@ZZFGRg`9X]_**03V5wHR e>q WM3>{`{g In particular, dry beaches, seaweed beds, and coral reefs are important elements of coastal ecosystems. 44, 18481856 (2017). Geomorphology 413, 108360 (2022). It is upon this foundation that the ecological, human utilization, and disaster prevention functions of the coastal zone rest. As another example, a block shaped, gently slanted seawall on the Sumiyoshi coast in Miyazaki Prefecture was constructed so that sea turtles could lay their eggs on the beach. Yoshinori Okuyama, Director General of the Sendai Bay South Coast Office, talks Ars through breakwater barriers. On the Creation of Substitute Seaweed Sites and the Adherence Conditions of Seaweeds in the Number 3 Reactor at the Ikata Atomic Energy Plant, Inland Sea Science, Vol. Vos, K., Splinter, K. D., Harley, M. D., Simmons, J. & Wittenberg, A. T. ENSO transition, duration, and amplitude asymmetries: role of the nonlinear wind stress coupling in a conceptual model. In Japanese Coastal Law, enacted in 1953, two kinds of engineering works that mitigate against coastal disasters are regulated. J. Climatol. Always appearing in flocks, the Tetrapods interlocking design feels like an upgraded version of piling up rocks to stop water from eroding the coast. 07/22/2022. J. Climatol. J. Coast. Sarah Baird is a writer and editor based in New Orleans. Implications for exploration and reservoir analogue studies. Geophys. There is, however, no law that serves to coordinate all the relevant aspects of each of these separate laws. State and County Tools 17 2. Seasonal to decadal scale shoreline changes along the Cameroonian coastline, Bay of Bonny (1986 to 2020). The largest subsidence along the coast has exceeded 1 m in the last 40 years. If small island states are excluded, Japan comes in second in the world behind Denmark (150 meters of coastline per square kilometer of total land area) in coastline length per unit total land area. The number of birds on the artificial beach rivals the number that were present before its construction. GitHub - kvos/CoastSat: Global shoreline mapping tool from satellite imagery (GitHub, Inc., 2023). Sci. Castelle, B. et al. Rev. Lett. Approximately one-half of this total, or 15,932 km, requires protection against coastal erosion. Whereas rocks would, eventually, wash away, the weight and puzzle-piece styling of the Tetrapod allows them to stand firm against the elements, come what may. On March 11, 2011, Japan experienced the unprecedented Tohoku earthquake. 28, 903922 (2012). Understanding ENSO diversity. Creation of a healthy and stable environmental foundation is the goal of ICZM. Japan child abuse cases reach new record; revenge porn on the rise, Japan to rename sex crime to highlight illegality of nonconsensual intercourse, Why Japan couldnt send its foreign minister to a key G20 meeting, Same-sex married couple hopeful Japan court will overturn residential status decision, Details emerge on teenage suspect in stabbing at Saitama school. J. This coincides with increased landfill in bays. 344, 101114 (2013). The difference in tides at flood stage on the Pacific coast is approximately 1.5 meters, and approximately 0.2 meters on the Sea of Japan coast. From an engineering point of view, erosion of the rocky coast may be neglected, except when unconsolidated strata of the sea cliffs are eroded. Theuerkauf, E. J., Rodriguez, A. In his eyes, the Mississippi Rivers flow into the Gulf (largely polluted with fertilizers and contaminants) is destroying the ecosystems resilience at an annual clip. 1. Coast. It then goes on to look at practical models which can be used to predict changes to different types of beaches, and concludes with investigation of beach erosion as a wider structural problem. The National Parks Act and the Seto Inland Sea Preservation Special Measures Act cover the protection of nature. The Maniapparel founders passion is palpable as he speaks about the structures, getting a little misty-eyed about the time he was able to watch workers pour the concrete into the mold as a Tetrapod was be born., Just like someone had to decide to make a shark or lion something cute by making it plush, Im doing the same thing with the Tetrapod, he mused. 133, 126141 (2018). Pacific Northwest notwithstanding, the majority of the United States coastline doesnt run along any major faults. & Cai, W. The defining characteristics of ENSO extremes and the strong 2015/2016 El Nio. Sci. So how are tetrapods connected to our industry and what is their role in the maritime industry.. As said above, tetrapods are designed to protect the coast from wave action/erosion and to reinforce coastal structures such as seawalls and breakwaters.. Breakwaters are the structures constructed to . One group mitigates against storm surges and the other against beach erosion. Nature Geoscience Join the Ars Orbital Transmission mailing list to get weekly updates delivered to your inbox. 26, 94629476 (2013). Google Scholar. The state of the worlds beaches. Pacific shoreline erosion and accretion patterns controlled by El Nio/Southern Oscillation. We use cookies on this site to enhance your user experience. An artificial coastal area is an area where structures have been erected in shallow waters. County Authority 16 4. Do not show me this notice in the future. Geosci. Japan's coasts have already undergone significant erosion due to rapid national development after World War II; future beach erosions would significantly affect areas behind the coasts. To provide protection against coastal erosion, thereby reducing threats to the critical roadway. Utilization refers to harvesting of fish, shellfish and seaweed, construction of ports, establishment of sites for industry, building of residential homes, and setting aside of recreation areas. Coastal erosion in Japan. Its not as if, Kato laughs, America doesnt have the know-how or technology to go a more structurally-based route. Res. 6, 87110 (1990). In May 1961, the same year the papers of the Japanese coastal engineers were published, Nippon Tetrapod Co., Ltd.(Nihon Tetorapoddo Kabushiki Gaisha ) was founded in Tokyo "with production and sales of tetrapods, and design and installation of the construction thereof as the primary business objectives . I wanted a Tetrapod in my bedroom, but the real one is too big, and if I hit it in the night, it would hurt, he laughed, noting that he has a personal taste that favors non-organic materials and sterilized design. The below report is written in English. Izumo, T. et al. In addition to the first edition, six new examples of the beach erosion in Japan are included, as is new analysis of the BG model (a model for predicting based on Bagnold's concept), which can be applicable to various field problems. Australian sea levelstrends, regional variability and influencing factors. A recent increase in global wave power as a consequence of oceanic warming. It is an artificial coastline. J. Extreme oceanographic forcing and coastal response due to the 20152016 El Nio. Papers on Coastal Engineering, Vol. It is able to be beautiful and effective at the same time.. along with their cute fake seagull companions. In short, there are three functional aspects-provision of ecological services, disaster prevention, and human utilization-which are part of the human relationship to coastal zones. Coastal Erosion Conferences in Japan 2022 2023 2024 is for the researchers, scientists, scholars, engineers, academic, scientific and university practitioners to present research activities that might want to attend events, meetings, seminars, congresses, workshops, summit, and symposiums. Coastal Erosion in Japan. Keywords: Shinano River, jetty-Ohkozu channel, Sekiya channel, erosion. The global Landsat archive: status, consolidation, and direction. Coastal erosion also, in essence, means that the land of Japan itself is lost. Hersbach, H. et al. Role of Tetrapods in ports/maritime industry. This article throws light on Coastal erosion, the causes behind coastal erosion, findings of the Ministry of Earth Sciences and National Centre for Coastal Research. They are buffer zones against the ravages of tsunamis, rough waves, flooding, and erosion. When the balance breaks down between the sand flowing in and out, thats when the erosion startsand the waters in the Gulf are already shallow.. The event occurred on March 11, 2011, when a massive 9.0 magnitude earthquake occurred off the eastern coast of Japan, one of the five largest quakes of the modern era. 10, 205 (2019). Instead, we want to build armor that gives people another 10 seconds to escape. In 2011, a team in the Netherlands came up with an innovative solution. Coast. Coastal zones have been used for various human activities from time immemorial. 8, 14365 (2017). White, N. J. et al. Mar. Santoso, A., Mcphaden, M. J. Meteorol. Erosion is the wearing away of rock along the coastline. Required fields are marked *. Japans first formal coastal zone management scheme was embodied in the Coastal Act of 1953. When sand is transported alongshore across 2 management areas, the sand rights belong to the agency administrating the area to which the sand is deposited, and the agency administrating the area from which the sand originated has no rights. Russell, P. E. Mechanisms for beach erosion during storms. This has manifested, in large part, in the re-installation of these Tetrapods (and all of their concrete kissing cousins, like seawalls) along the most vulnerable coasts. Masselink, G. et al. Lett. . 16, 140146 (2023). Coastal erosion is the process by which local sea level rise, strong wave action, and coastal flooding wear down or carry away rocks, soils, and/or sands along the coast. The Dashihira Dam on the Kurobe River in Fujiyama Prefecture was constructed so that sand which accumulated on the upstream side of the dam is expelled through a sand flushgate. Mar. Res. By contrast, La Nia events coincide with significant accretion for approximately one-quarter of all transects, although substantial erosion is observed in southeast Australia and other localized regions. (1996) Functional Evaluation of Artificial Dry Beaches Created for Mitigation, Papers on Coastal Engineering, Vol. Adebisi, N., Balogun, A. L., Mahdianpari, M. & Min, T. H. Assessing the impacts of rising sea level on coastal morpho-dynamics with automated high-frequency shoreline mapping using multi-sensor optical satellites.
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