11, no. And so it was, when Israel had sown, that the Midianites came up, and the Amalekites, and the children of the east, even they came up against . Read Ahmose Is stelae and read Ahmose IIs stelas the second stelae abruptly ends only halfway through at the Red Sea after chasing a race of people through what sounds exactly like the Exodus route. The texts from the Kassite Period (1600-1160 BCE) start to overlap with the biblical texts of the Old Testament because at this point most nations already had developed a written language and new technologies allowed for communications to now be written down and passed along to others. 93, no. Possible traces of Kassites in Iranian nomenclature are negligible, for instance, Kagn, Kaakn < Kaaka@n, i.e., possibly "land of the Kassites" in Iran (see Eilers, 1957-58, p. 135). Abraham was from the city of Ur according to Genesis 11:31 above. Kassite period, 14th century BCE. More could be said about archaeology and the conquest of Canaan but for the sake of this post I will not include everything. Already at that time they could purchase land and acted as officials, especially in horse breeding (Heinz, 1995, p. 167). Museum, B. The dependents employed in these sectors received rations, the quantities of which were determined according to the recipients rank in the hierarchy. The art of the Kassite period is best known for a type of stone monument known as a kudurru ( 1985.45 ). The Kassites first appear as a political factor in Babylonia in 1742 (or 1741) BCE, when they were opposed by both Samsiluna and Rm-Sn Is (see Stol, 1975, pp. The Kassites left no cultural impact in Babylonia. Judges 6:3 | View whole chapter | See verse in context. Babylonia under the Kassites 1, edited by Alexa Bartelmus and Katja Sternitzke, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2017, pp. The opinion of W. Eilers (1957-58, pp. 2, line 18; 10, 11.31.34). Historical records indicate that the remaining Kassiste people eventually migrated back to their homeland in modern day Iran and were conquered ruled by the Greeks under Alexander the Great. THE OLD TO MIDDLE BABYLONIAN TRANSITION: HISTORY AND CHRONOLOGY OF THE MESOPOTAMIAN DARK AGE. gypten Und Levante / Egypt and the Levant, vol. 23342, J. 224 f.). J. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. World History Encyclopedia. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Kassite Dynasty (List of Kings) Gandash, 16 years Agum I (s), 22 years The copyright holder has published this content under the following license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. Our latest articles delivered to your inbox, once a week: Our mission is to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. Agriculture was in the hands of many dutiable landowners and their agricultural workers as well as tenants. Balkan (1968, p. 7) is of the opinion that between the king and the people there was a stratum of nobles, who mostly belonged to the royal family or the palace. W. De Smet, Kashsh in Old-Babylonian Documents, Akkadica 68, 1990, pp. Charpin, 1995). 174-190, Bass, George F., et al. Babylon under Kassite rulers, who renamed the city Karanduniash, re-emerged as a political and military power in Mesopotamia. Historians and scholars claim that their rule was the longest in the history of ancient Babylon. Biblical Archaeology Review is the guide on that fascinating journey. Ancient Jerusalem - Interactive Study of Jerusalem with Map. Idem, Studies in Babylonian Feudalism of the Kassite Period, tr. Republished under the British Museum Standard Terms of Use for non-profit educational purposes. First mentioned in Elamite texts of the late 3rd millennium bc, they penetrated into Mesopotamia in the 2nd millennium, [37] According to the Assyrian Synchronistic Chronicle, which is not considered reliable, the last Kassite king, Enlil-nadin-ahi, was taken to Susa and imprisoned there in 1155 BC, where he also died. Why Did The Samaritan Woman At The Well Have So Many Marriages? bukaum), who received envoys of the king of Halaba (very probably Aleppo) in his encampment, was perhaps a contemporary of Samsiluna (see Podany, 2002, p. 49). 04 Mar 2023. Provincial Administration in Babylonia under the Second Dynasty of Isin. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, vol. 17385, Schneider, Bernhard. 850-98. Their capital city was Dur-Kurigalzu. Israel is laid waste and his seed is not; Israel is also mentioned in the base of a statue from Egypt. Les Kassites, un peuple antique qui n'tait ni indo-europen, ni smite, tait originaire du Lorestan. del Monte and Tischler, 1978, p. 344; Belmonte Marn, 2001, pp. E. C. Cancik-Kirschbaum, Die mittelassyrischen Briefe aus Tall amad, Berichte der Ausgrabung Tall amad/Dr-Katlimmu (BATSH) 4, Texte 1, Berlin 1996. What does a 3 digit interstate numbers mean? Most belong to the archives of the guenna (provincial governor) of the city of Nippur and seem to indicate a feudal system of government during the 14th and 13th centuries. (2011, August 03). Brinkman, J. Ein Diskussionsbeitrag zu mglichen lexikalischen Isoglossen". 91-113. Hittite, member of an ancient Indo-European people who appeared in Anatolia at the beginning of the 2nd millennium bce; by 1340 bce they had become one of the dominant powers of the Middle East. Very little is known of their language because of the lack of texts (only a few incomplete sentences have survived). This discovery was made by the same archaeologist (Ludwig Borchardt) that discovered the Nefertiti bust and helped excavate the Amarna region. Among them were Abraham's Horites ancestors who descended from Kush, the grandson of the great Proto-Saharan ruler Noah. Astour, Michael C. The Name of the Ninth Kassite Ruler. Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. At least three toponyms in Mannea, another three in Gizilbunda, and one in eastern Media are explicable in Kassite terms. 88 f.). 2023 Encyclopdia Iranica Foundation, Inc. All Rights Reserved. They are recorded as weavers and other textile workers, but are underrepresented in most of the other handicrafts (Sassmannshausen, 2001, p. xv). 5 (197680, Miller, Jared L.. "3. Gasche et al. The archive originates, not from the temple, but from the palace of the governor (andabakku, Sumerian U.EN.NA) of Nippur (see Balkan, 1986, p. 8). Balkan (1986, pp. How does violence against the family pet affect the family? Katiliau and the Sumundar Canal: A New Middle Babylonian Royal Inscription. 464-73. Idem, A Political History of Post-Kassite Babylonia, Analecta Orientalia 43, Rome, 1968. The private sector, i.e., free families and clans living in urban and rural settlements and represented in community assemblies, included private artisans. Kassite deities were the pantheon of the Kassites ( Akkadian: Ka, from Kassite Galzu [1] ), a group inhabiting parts of modern Iraq (mostly historical Babylonia and the Nuzi area), as well as Iran and Syria, in the second and first millennia BCE. 95102, O. R. Gurney, Texts from Dur-Kurigalzu, Iraq, vol. Although both the level of urbanization and of the rural population in Babylonia was lower than that in the early second millennium BCE (cf. There are very few filiations with the father bearing a Babylonian name. Another ancient Middle Eastern people known as the Elam finally defeated the last Kassite ruler in 12 B.C. 58 f., 65 f.; cf. Christ was descended from Abraham. The Kassites entered into Babylon after the Old Babylonian Empire and established their rule around 1531 B.C. Press, 1997, Kjaerum, F. SEALS OF DILMUN-TYPE FROM FAILAKA, KUWAIT. Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies, vol. 247 ff., 258 f.). Ira Spar, Michael Jursa: Cuneiform Texts from the Metropolitan Museum of Art IV: The Ebabbar Temple Archive and Other Texts from the Fourth to the First Millennium BC. The Kassites, a tribe from the Zagros mountains in present-day Iran, arrived in Babylonia and filled a vacuum left by the Hittite invasion. Unique Circular Format see more in less space. 1570 or 1560 BCE; see Zadok, 1999-2000, pp. [2] There are records of Kassite and Babylonian interactions, in the context of military employment, during the reigns of Babylonian kings Samsu-iluna (1686 to 1648 BC), Ab-euh, and Amm-ditna. Idem, Sex, Age and Physical Condition Designations for Servile Laborers in the Middle Babylonian Period, in G. van Driel, T. J. H. Krispijn, M. Stol, and K. R. Veenhof, eds., Zikir umim: Assyriological Studies Presented to F.R. 95 ff. Several members of the ruling family of Ellipi (< Middle Babylonian Ullipi, with attenuation of the initial vowel, according to A. Fuchs apud Sassmannshausen, 2001, p. 151b) bore Kassite names. "Now a river flowed out of Eden to water the garden; and from there it divided and became four rivers. A timeline of ancient Mesopotamian history up to and including the Persians. 58, no. How Long Was Joseph In Potiphars House? A. And I realized all my beliefs like what Edison believed came from the Bible. Five prominent individuals and several places in Inner Media had Kassite names. [10][11] A few inscribed building materials of Kurigalzu I were found at Kish. "16. Balkan, 1954, pp. In letter #108, Rib-Hadda gives praises to Baal and also Samas in the sky. The Babylonian empire founded by Hammurabi was overthrown by the Kassites (whose origins are unknown) in 1595 BCE, the conquest following a Hittite invasion that sacked Babylon but did not stay to rule over it.Over the following centuries, the Kassites successfully . 14151050 BCE. . However, P. Huber (1999-2000) rejects the astronomical evidence adduced by Gurzadyan (in Gasche et al., 1998, pp. A Kassite Cylinder Seal from the Arabian Gulf. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, no. Amarna a-an-har-ra, a-an-ha-ar (from Mitanni and Alashia), Hittite a-an-ha-ra(-az), Egyptian ngr, Old Testament nr < *amara (Old Babylonian gentilic Samhar), presumably a Kassite tribe, gave its name to Babylonia while it was occupied by the Kassites (see Zadok, 1984; cf. 2, 1971, Ferrara, A. J. Kassite rulers built temples to Babylonian deities. 135-38. ''Some Shared Traditions Between Hana and the Kassites'', In Crossing Boundaries and Linking Horizons: Studies in Honor of Michael C. Astour on His 80th Birthday, 417-432.Potts, D. T. (2006). [5] The chief gods, titular gods of the kings, were Shuqamuna and Shumaliya. Biblical Archaeology - Significant Discoveries from Ancient Empires. Brill, pp. Running a website with millions of readers every month is expensive. This governor seems to have enjoyed a special, apparently privileged, status among the other provincial governors (Sassmannshausen tends to compare his role to that of a chief minister of the state: Kanzler). kassites in the bible. 8, 1966, pp. 137 f.), namely, that Kassite is related to Elamite, is unlikely. The canal Habur-ibal-buga (see Balkan, 1954, p. 104) is recorded in a document from Terqa which is dated to King Hammurapih (perhaps 16th century BCE, i.e., at the beginning of the Middle Babylonian period; see Podany, 2002, pp. (10)" . The Kassites: The History and Legacy of the Ancient Civilization that Ruled the Babylonian Empire after Hammurabi and the First Babylonian Dynasty examines the impact the Kassites had on the region. After acting as king of Babylon for a year (1220 BCE), Tukulti-Ninurta I appointed a succession of puppet rulers, who controlled Babylonia for a decade. Babylonia and the Bible, Encyclopedia of the Bible and its Reception, Vol 3. 59, no. They even burn their sons and daughters in the fire as sacrifices to their gods. The Babylonian Empire. This article is available in print.Vol. The Kassites, the ancient Near Eastern people who seized power in Babylonia following the fall of the first Babylonian Dynasty and subsequently went on to rule it for some three hundred and fifty years during the late bronze age, possessed a pantheon of gods but few are known beyond the laconic mention in the theophoric element of a name. Gezer has been captured; (Deuteronomy 12:31 NIV). The Kassites hardly penetrated the fields where acquaintance with the scribal art was required. Kassites are recorded in Media during the first half of the first millennium BCE (see Zadok, 2002, pp. Dr-Kurigalzu: New Perspectives". 112 f.). They were the Babylonians in the south and the Assyrians to the north. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. 471-589. One Kassite invention was the boundary stone (kudurru), a block of stone that served as a record of a grant of land by the king to favoured persons. Later rule shifted to the new city of Dur-Kurigalzu. Old Testament Overview - General survey of the Old Testament. Kraus on the occasion of his seventieth birthday, Studia Francisci Scholten memoriae dicata 5, Leiden, 1982, pp. World History Encyclopedia, 03 Aug 2011. The first Jewish king, King Saul, defeated the Ammonites and made them his servants. Along with pictures of important people, places, and events, you will learn about the Kassites like never before. Chronicles and king lists are imprecise, and although the Kassite kings traditionally ruled over Babylonia for 576 years, it is probable that the first Kassite kings reigned in Babylonia simultaneously with the last kings of the first Babylonian dynasty; thus Gandash, the first Kassite king, possibly began his reign about the middle of the 18th century bc, but not at Babylon. A culture that rules babylonia from the 16th and 12th centuries BC. Thus Rameses means to come from Ra and Mosa would be incomplete, and as it says in Exodus he was drawn from the water. Their leaders came to power in Babylon following the collapse of the ruling dynasty of the Old Babylonian Period in 1595 BC. The texts from the Kassite Period (1600-1160 BCE) start to overlap with the biblical texts of the Old Testament because at this point most nations already had developed a written language and new technologies allowed for communications to now be written down and passed along to others. 535-545, Taha Baqir, "Iraq Government Excavations at 'Aqar Qf. Volume 1 Kardunia. How much longer should the Sun remain in its stable phase? Richardson (2002, p. 347) is of the opinion that the fortresses were forerunners of the later Kassite feudal communities. 257 ff. They are well represented among the great landowners. "Ur in the Kassite Period". 219-45. 412-18. Its end is dated to 1150 BCE. Their religion revolved around worship of three major gods, one for . Nevertheless, some Babylonian cultural influence presumably persisted there. - C., Burna-Buriash Ier ensures its . 150 f.; see Balkan, 1954, pp. An Elamite, Kutir-Nahhunte, captures the last Kassite king, Enlil-nadin-ahi (1157 - 1155 B.C. Both sectors were based on the redistributive principle characteristic of Mesopotamian household organization (see Edens, 1994, p. 211). The Amarna letters, which were mostly written in the early to mid-13th century BCE, capture communication back and forth from Egyptian Ruler Amenophis III and his various loyal vassal-governors in the land of Canaan. During and after the Bronze Age Collapse Babylonia was invaded by their neighbors, the Elamites and the Assyrians. ). 685685, Malko, Helen. 3 of the lines in the inscription refer to Canaanite lands/peoples. Most of the documentation (ca. Many of them were integrated in the Babylonian social structure (De Smet, 1990, p. 10). [31] The most notable of these efforts was the construction of a new city, Dur-Kuirgalzu. The last two toponyms are mentioned in Sennaheribs 8th campaign against the Kassites and Yasubigalleans (see Edzard, 1976-80, p. 271a). License. Who are the Ethiopian people in the Bible? : Die Kassiten, in K. Bartl, R. Bernbeck, and M. Heinz, eds., Zwischen Euphrat und Indus. Leiden: BRILL. (Bible Quiz), Journal of Ancient EgyptianInterconnections, Israel Mentioned in Egyptian Inscriptions, 15 Christian Leaders That Make More Money Getting Out Of Bed Than Youll Make All Year, Where Archaeology Meets The Bible: Neo Babylonian Period [626 - 529 BCE] | Dust Off The Bible, Where Archaeology Meets The Bible: Middle Babylonian Period [1000 625 BCE] | Dust Off The Bible. Volume 1 Kardunia. 1499-1503. Their Akkadian name Ka originates from a Kassite form *G/Kal- (cf. K. Balkan (1986, pp. [in:], Biggs, Robert D. A Letter from Kassite Nippur. Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol. of M. Salvini, The Habiru Prism of King Tunip-Teup of Tikunani, Documenta Asiana: Collana di Studi sullAnatolia e lAsia Anteriore antica diretta da Mirjo Salvini 3, Rome, 1996, Archiv fr Orientforschung 46/47, 1999-2000, pp. Volume 1 Kardunia. The documents reveal a centralized administration under the governor of Nippur and its province. Most sukallu officials bore Kassite names as late as the period of the second Isin dynasty (see Brinkman, 1976-80, pp. The Assyrians were one of the great powers of ancient Mesopotamia, rivals of the Babylonians. The Canaan has been plundered into every sort of woe: The Absurd History Of Papal Edicts Concerning Jews, How Well Do You Know Your Bible? K. Nashef, Die Orts- und Gewssernamen der mittelbabylonischen und mittelassyrischen Zeit, Rpertoire Gographique des Textes Cuniformes 5, Wiesbaden, 1982. 71 ff.) Babylonia under the Kassites 1, edited by Alexa Bartelmus and Katja Sternitzke, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2017, pp. 6, no. 415 f.). Puzur-Sin Ashur-dugul Ashur-apla-idi Nasir-Sin Sin-namir Ipqi-Ishtar Adad-salulu Adasi Idem, The Ethno-Linguistic Character of Northwestern Iran and Kurdistan in the Neo-Assyrian Period, Tel Aviv, 2002. Brinkman, 1986). A. Most belong to the archives of the guenna (provincial governor) of the city of Nippur and seem to indicate a feudal system of government during the 14th and 13th centuries. F. H. Weissbach, he Kissa, in Pauly-Wissowa, RE 21, 1921, pp. "The Kassites of Babylonia: A Re-examination of an Ethnic Identity". The Assyrians Reception of a victorious. It is thought that the Kassites originated as tribal groups in the Zagros Mountains to the north-east of Babylonia. H. Gasche, J. Your email address will not be published. What Is The Eye Of The Needle (Matthew 19:23-24 / Mark 10:25)? (1998, pp. Volume 2 Kardunia. Qala'at al-Bahrain/2 The central monumental buildings. J. Original definition by British Museum. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. 20, 2010, pp. Please note that content linked from this page may have different licensing terms. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. Cuneiform Texts in The Otago Museum: A preliminary report. And when you look up to the sky and see the sun, the moon and the starsall the heavenly arraydo not be enticed into bowing down to them and worshiping things the LORD your God has apportioned to all the nations under heaven. On the Seal Impressions on Some Old Babylonian Tablets Journal of Cuneiform Studies, Vol. J. Boese and G. Wilhelm, Aur-dn I., Ninurta-apil-Ekur und die mittelassyrische Chronologie, WZKM 71, 1979, pp. Raphael Kutscher memorial volume, Journal of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University, Occasional Publications 1, Tel Aviv, 1993, pp. van Soldt Grammatical Irregularities in Middle Babylonian Texts and their Chronology 165 Helen Malko The Kassites of Babylonia: A Re-examination of an Ethnic Identity 177 Odette Boivin The Palace as Economic Production . Their rule helped to shape many different aspects of the culture and religion was one major area where it was experienced the most. Iraq Museum, Limestone relief of a male figure from Tell al-Rimah, Iraq. [18] Often situated on the surface, many were found early and made their way to museums around the world. After these role models are gone, Israel has 15 Judges in this historical account. "10. Their direct or indirect ties to the Middle Euphrates region enhanced their communication with the Hittites who controlled parts of northern Syria, so they might have been instrumental in enabling the temporary conquest of Babylon by the Hittite king Telipinu, who put an end to Hammurabis dynasty in 1595 BCE and eventually gave way for the Kassite rule in Babylonia. A. B. Landsberger, Assyrische Knigsliste und dunkles Zeitalter, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 8, 1954, pp. 1150-985 BCE), viz., the second dynasty of Isin, the second dynasty of the Sealand, and the Bazi dynasty, had Akkadian, Kassite, and hybrid (Akkadian-Kassite) names. Both regions remained linked with the Babylonian government during the 11th and 10th century BCE, but from 850 BCE onwards they passed to the Assyrian sphere of influence (see Brinkman, 1968, pp. 1 The Assyrian Empire. It contained a number of palaces and also temples to many Babylonia gods including Enlil, Ninlil, and Ninurta. Following Hammurabi, the Kassites took over Elam and reigned till around . One Kassite invention was the boundary stone ( kudurru ), a block of stone that served as a record of a grant of land by the king to favoured persons. This period is marked by a building hiatus at Babylon, similar to the one after the fall of the First Babylonian dynasty. 1-26. J.A. Abraham, K. (2013). This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. They eventually detached themselves from the Babylonian state and its urban centers, probably because they were unpaid or unprovisioned. Bill T. Arnold. In time, a new dynasty emerged. We can learn about the society where the ancient Israelites, and later Jesus and the Apostles, lived through the modern discoveries that provide us clues. 231-246, Brinkman, J. of Pientka, Sptaltbabylonische Zeit, OLZ 95, 2000, pp. Idem, Zur Organisation des gesellschaftlichen Lebens im kassitischen und nachkassitischen Babylonien: Verwaltungsstruktur und Gemeinschaften, in H. Hirsch and H. Hunger, eds., Vortrge gehalten auf der 28 Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale in Wien, 6.-10 Juli 1981, Archiv fr Orientforschung Beiheft 19, Vienna, 1982, pp. A terminus post quem for the Kassites penetration into the Middle Euphrates region and Upper Mesopotamia in general can be deduced from the absence of Kassite names.in the rich documentation from early Old Babylonian Mari, Tuttul, Tall Lln, and Chaghar Bazar. "Kassite." The king at the time of Joshuas invasion was Adoni-zedek (Joshua 10:1-3), which would have had to come after Abdi-Heba since Joshua overtook southern and northern Palestine (Joshua 10-11).
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